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Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is effect of B1-adrenergic receptors?

A

increase HR and contraction force

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2
Q

What is effect of alpha1-adrenergic receptors?

A

vasoconstriction

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3
Q

What is effect of B2-adrenergic receptors?

A

dilate vessels

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4
Q

The release for medullary hormones (epi/norepi) is under sympathetic nerve control through ___ binding to ___ receptors.

A

Ach, nicotinic

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5
Q

Would you expect to find increased blood insulin levels in a patient with Cushing syndrome?

A

Yes, because you would also expect to find increased blood glucose levels

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6
Q

What hormones are associated with the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin and ADH

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7
Q

Which nucleus in the hypothalamus produces oxytocin?

A

paraventricular nucleus

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8
Q

Which nucleus in the hypothalamus produces AVP?

A

supraoptic nucleus

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9
Q

What effect does ghrelin have on GH production?

A

it stimulates it

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10
Q

Which hormone produced by the hypothalamus will inhibit the production of GH?

A

somatostatin

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11
Q

What is a major inhibitor of GH?

A

glucose b/c GH tends to increase plasma glucose levels

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12
Q

Which cell type produces prolactin?

A

lactotrophs

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter inhibits the production of prolactin?

A

dopamine

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14
Q

Prolactin will inhibit which other hormone that will effectively inhibit ovulation and spermatogenesis?

A

GnRH

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15
Q

What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones on the central nervous system (CNS) during the perinatal period?

A

Thyroid hormones are crucial for the maturation of the CNS during the perinatal period. They promote the development and differentiation of neurons, which is essential for proper brain function and development.

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16
Q

What is the impact of thyroid hormones on the body’s basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

Thyroid hormones, specifically T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), are key regulators of the basal metabolic rate. They enhance BMR by increasing the rate of oxygen consumption, which in turn increases heat production.

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17
Q

What is the role of T3 and T4 in the feedback regulation of thyroid hormone production?

A

T3 and T4 hormones play a key role in the negative feedback regulation of their own production. When their levels are high, they inhibit TSH secretion by downregulating TRH receptors on the anterior pituitary gland. The decrease in TSH decreases the stimulation of the thyroid gland, leading to reduced thyroid hormone production.

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18
Q

What is the primary function of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the regulation of thyroid hormones?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus and primarily functions to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then acts on the thyroid gland, prompting it to synthesize and release thyroid hormones (T3 & T4).

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19
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary?

A

pars nervosa

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20
Q

Pars distalis is also known as what?

A

anterior pituitary

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21
Q

The posterior pituitary hormones are stored in which structures?

A

Herring bodies

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22
Q

____ _____ (axon terminals) secrete oxytocin and AVP into blood vessels (fenestrated capillaries) in the pars nervosa.

A

Herring bodies

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23
Q

The zona glomerulosa is responsible for secreting which hormones?

A

mineralocorticoids

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24
Q

The zona fasciculata is responsible for secreting which hormones?

A

glucocorticoids

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25
Q

The zona reticularis is responsible for secreting which hormones?

A

sex hormones

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26
Q

where in the body are catecholamines made?

A

adrenal medulla

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27
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic innervation to medulla comes (mostly) from which nerves?

A

thoracic splanchnic nn.

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28
Q

Which NT is released from the sympathetic preganglionic nn. which innervate the medulla?

A

Ach

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29
Q

Sympathetic axons stimulate which cells to secrete epinephrine into capillaries in the medulla?

A

chromaffin cells

30
Q

Which cells are responsible for the secretion of calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

31
Q

What is the precursor molecule for catecholamines?

32
Q

______ released from preganglionic sympathetic neurons stimulates catecholamine release through activation of _____ receptors.

A

Acetylcholine (Ach), nicotinic

33
Q

After cortisol is produced and secreted into the bloodstream, it is transported by which molecule?

A

cortisol binding globulin (CBG)

34
Q

What is the main effect of cortisol in the liver?

A

it promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver

35
Q

Which two hormones are required to maximally stimulate liver gluconeogenesis?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

36
Q

T/F Glucocorticoids can stimulate liver glycogen accumulation

37
Q

T/F Glucocorticoids can stimulate skeletal protein catabolism

A

true; the AAs released by the breakdown of protein can be used as substrates for gluconeogenesis

38
Q

T/F Glucocorticoids can reduce muscle insulin sensitivity

39
Q

T/F Glucocorticoids increase transcription of genes associated with both TG synthesis and breakdown in adipose

40
Q

21-a-hydroxylase deficiency is a type of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) which results in virtually absent what?

A

mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) and glucocorticoid (cortisol)

41
Q

Addison’s disease is due to what? What are some symptoms?

A

too little cortisol production due to autoimmunity against adrenal cortical cells; hyperpigmentation of the skin

42
Q

The secretion of which hormone(s) is increased by activation of the renin-angiotensin system?

A

ADH and Aldosterone

43
Q

Aldosterone regulates potassium and sodium levels. In a patient that has a disease and produces too much aldosterone, what Na+ and K+ would you expect to see?

A

hypernatremia and hypokalemia

44
Q

This is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. It plays a crucial role in converting cholesterol into pregnenolone, which is the precursor for all steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.

A

cholesterol desmolase (CYP11A1)

45
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae contains which virulence factors?

A

pili, outer membrane proteins (allows for antigenic variation), IgA protease

46
Q

Besides gonorrhea, neisseria gonorrhoeae can cause which other infection?

A

septic arthritis

47
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is grown on which type of agar?

A

Selective media Thayer-Martin medium (a type of chocolate agar)

48
Q

Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae oxidase positive or negative?

A

oxidase positive

49
Q

Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae catalase positive or negative?

A

catalase positive

50
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is positive for this sugar, but negative for all others.

51
Q

Neisseria meningitidis contains which virulence factors?

A

Capsule, endotoxin, IgA protease

52
Q

Is N. meningitidis oxidase positive or negative? What about catalase?

A

positive for both

53
Q

N. meningitidis utilizes which sugars?

A

glucose and maltose

54
Q

The major thyroid hormone produced is this.

55
Q

The 1st step in thyroid hormone synthesis is the uptake of which ions into the follicular cell?

A

Na+ and I- by the NIS (Na-Iodine Symporter)

56
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidation of the iodide?

57
Q

___ increases NIS transcription and membrane expression.

58
Q

What is the Wolff-Chaikoff effect?

A

The thyroid protects itself from excessive iodide by inhibiting TPO enzyme.

59
Q

Explain the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.

60
Q

In patients with hyper- and hypo-thyroidism, what levels of TSH would you expect?

A

Hypothyroid: high TSH
Hyper: low TSH

61
Q

Thyroid hormone effects are known as the “6 B’s”. What are they?

A
  1. increase BMR
  2. breakdown bc it increases lipolysis and proteolysis
  3. blood glucose levels increase
  4. increases HR through beta adrenergic receptors
  5. bone maturation
  6. brain maturation
62
Q

Decreased thyroid iodide uptake is expected in a patient with which thyroid disorder?

A

hypothyroidism

63
Q

____ is a transporter involved in the movement of iodide and other anions, and it plays a critical role in thyroid hormone synthesis and inner ear function.

64
Q

Which hormone produced by the pituitary is actively suppressed by the hypothalamus through the secretion of dopamine?

65
Q

Cortisol and corticosterone are both corticosteroids synthesized in the adrenal cortex, but their synthetic pathways are slightly different. Which hormone involves the enzyme 17alpha-hydroxylase (CYP17) while the other does not?

66
Q

Which enzyme is required for the conversion of progesterone and pregnenolone into cortisol?

A

17alpha-hydroxylase

67
Q

This enzyme converts cholesterol into pregnenolone, a critical early step in all steroid hormone synthesis. Deficiency would block both cortisol and corticosterone synthesis.

A

cholesterol desmolase

68
Q

PTH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb ____ and ______ phosphate reabsorption.

A

calcium, decrease

69
Q

From which embryological tissue is the pars distalis of the pituitary gland derived?

70
Q

From which embryological tissue is the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland derived?

A

neuroectoderm

71
Q

Hormones are carried away from the posterior pituitary gland by which vessels?

A

hypophyseal vein

FOM4 (11 decks)

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