Week 1 Flashcards
The inguinal ligament is formed from the reinforced edge of which muscle’s aponeuroses?
external oblique m.
What are the inguinal ligaments attachment sites?
ASIS and pubic tubercle
What are the contents of the inguinal canal?
spermatic cord (males), round ligament (females), genital branch of genitofemoral n., ilioinguinal n. (exits at superficial ring ONLY)
What are the contents of the lacuna musculorum?
iliopsoas m., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n.
What are the contents of the lacuna vasorum?
external/internal iliac a./v., femoral ring, femoral branch of genitofemoral n.
~75% of all abdominal and femoral hernias are this type
indirect inguinal hernia
This occurs when the peritoneal contents pass through the deep and superficial inguinal rings
~25% of abdominal and femoral hernias are this type and most commonly associated with males older than 40
direct inguinal hernia
This is called direct bc it involves tearing of the tissue (tendon of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis m.)
E
C
Which cell type has a cell wall made of up chitin or cellulose?
fungi and plants, respectively
Which cell type has a cell wall made of up peptidoglycan?
bacteria
This cell type has 80S ribosomes
eurkaryotes
This cell type has 70S ribosomes
bacteria
What is the main component of peptidoglycan?
sugar and peptide units
What is the name of the bacteria which contain no cell wall?
Mycoplasma
Gram-____ bacteria have a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipoproteins.
negative
Which gram type of bacteria has a membrane composed of LPS and lipoproteins?
gram-negative
Gram-___ bacteria have a cell wall composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan, which is responsible for retaining the purple dye in the Gram staining method.
positive
Which gram type bacteria contains teichoic acid?
gram-positive
Which gram-type bacteria contains periplasmic membranes?
gram-negative
Do all bacteria contain an outer capsule layer?
No
T/F All bacteria have a cytoplasmic membrane
true
T/F All bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall
false
T/F Gram-positives have as important additional feature a periplasmic membrane and LPS
false; its gram-negatives
T/F Gram-positives feature wall- and lipoteichoic acid and a thick cell wall
true
These are small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria which contain 5-100 non-essential genes such as abx resistance genes, exotoxin genes, virulence factor genes
plasmids
What are the two major subunits of the bacterial ribosome?
30S (small) and 50S (large) particles makes up the 70S ribosome
These are the metabolic reserves found in bacteria and they typically store nutrients in a polymerized form (ex: glycogen as a glucose storage)
storage granules
What is the name of the protein appendices whose main function is for bacterial cell adhesion?
common pili
What is antigenic variation?
When bacteria alter their genetic sequence of their tip protein (pili) to evade immune response by the host
What is the name of the specialized pili used in the transfer of DNA? What is this transfer process called?
F-pili, conjugation
What is a type III secretion system?
It’s a dedicated machine for molecule secretion found in the membrane of bacteria. This system has a hollow needle that injects its effector proteins into the host to serve as a favor for survival
What are type IV secretion systems?
Similar to pili systems
What is the name of the dormant bacterial cells which are resistant to starvation, heat, desiccation, freezing, chemical disinfection, UV radiation, and many antibiotics?
bacterial endospores
Why are spores so stable?
no metabolism and non-reproductive, they also contain dipicolinic acid which dehydrates them
What is the two-component system?
the most important mechanism of signal transduction in bacteria
Which layer of the GI tract contains the blood and lymph vessels?
submucosa
Which layer of the GI tract lines the lumen?
mucosa
What is the name of the “pacemaker” cells of the GI tract?
Interstitial cell of Cajal
What are the 2 intrinsic nerve plexuses of the GI tract?
submucosal and myenteric plexuses
What is the function of the submucosal plexus?
regulates mucosal secretion
Where in the GI tract is the myenteric plexus found?
between the circular and longitudinal smooth muscles layers
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for feed forward activation? Which nerve specifically?
parasympathetic ns and vagus
As saliva travels in the salivary duct it becomes more hyper- or hypo- tonic?
hypertonic (it loses water)
As saliva travels in the salivary duct it becomes deficient in which ions and enriched with which?
loses Na+, Cl- and gains K+ and HCO3-
Which gland is responsible for 65% of the saliva production?
submandibular gland
Which gland is responsible for 30% of saliva production?
parotid gland
Which secretion from the stomach aids in the breakdown of carbohydrates in the stomach?
salivary amylase
Which secretion from the stomach aids in the breakdown of protein in the stomach?
HCl and pepsin
What is the effect of NO on the stomach?
it is the key NT which acts on the stomach smooth muscle cells to relax (plays a role in the vagovagal reflex)
Increase chyme fluidity will have which effect on gastric emptying?
increased emptying
Increased duodenal distension will ___ gastric emptying
decrease (bc duodenum needs time to digest)
What effect does cholecystokinin (CCK) have on the stomach?
decrease gastric emptying
GLP-1 and PYY have which effect on stomach?
decrease gastric emptying
An acidic chyme will ____ emptying
decrease (to not injure SI)
A hypertonic chyme will ___ emptying
decrease
Increased fat in the stomach will ___ emptying
decrease
What is the most potent inhibitor of gastric emptying?
increased fat
Which cells of the stomach secrete HCl?
parietal cells
Which cells of the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
chief cells
Which cells of the stomach secrete Intrinsic factor?
parietal cells
Which molecule secreted by the stomach aids in absorption of vitamin B12?
intrinsic factor
Which cells of the stomach secrete gastrin?
G cells
Which molecule secreted by the stomach stimulates histamine and HCl release from ECL/parietal cells and pepsinogen release from chief cells?
gastrin
Which proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is responsible for cleavage of basic residues?
trypsinogen
Which proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is responsible for cleavage between aromatic residues as well as leucine, glutamine, and methionine?
chymotrypsinogen
Which proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is responsible for cleavage of C-terminal aromatic and neutral aliphatic residues?
carboxypeptidase A
Which proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is responsible for cleavage of C-terminal basic residues?
carboxypeptidase B
Which pancreatic exocrine secretion is vital for triglyceride catabolism?
lipase
This is a key hormone released from the duodenal mucosa in response to the presence of fats and amino acids in the small intestine
CCK
Which cells does CCK act on in the pancreas? What is the effect?
acinar cells to increase digestive enzyme output
In response to a decrease in pH detected in the duodenum, what will the pancreas secrete? What is the effect?
secretin to cause duct cells to increase bicarbonate output
What is the name of the resident macrophages of the liver>
Kuppfer cells
What is the role of the hepatic portal vein?
carries nutrients from the small intestine to the liver
What is the name of the capillaries which carry blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein in the lobule in liver?
sinusoid
What is the sphincter of Oddi?
regulates delivery of hepatic and pancreatic secretions to duodenum
This is a double layer of peritoneum and houses neurovascular structures. It connects the posterior body wall and organ allowing it to be mobile.
mesentery
Of the peritoneal ligaments, which are considered a part of the lesser omentum (along the lesser curvature of the stomach)
hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament
Is the pancreas a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal organ?
retroperitoneal
Is the ascending and descending colon a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal organ?
retroperitoneal
What are the branches of the celiac trunk?
left gastric a., splenic a., common hepatic a.
At which spinal level can you find the celiac trunk?
T11-L1
What is the arterial supply of the stomach?
L/R gastric aa., L/R gastro-omental aa, short gastric aa
What is the venous drainage of the stomach?
L/R gastric vv., L/R gastro-omental vv.
What is the arterial supply of the pancreas?
splenic a. and its two main branches the greater pancreatic a. and the dorsal pancreatic a.
What is the arterial and venous supply of the 1st and 2nd part of duodenum?
supraduodenal a/v, gastroduodenal a/v, pancreaticoduodenal a/v
What is the arterial supply of the spleen?
splenic a. and short gastric aa.
Embryologically, the stomach starts as a tubular structure and the dorsal border becomes which curvature?
greater (it grows faster)
What is the name of the ligament which separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
falciform ligament
Which smaller lobe of the liver is adjacent to the IVC?
caudate lobe
Which smaller lobe of the liver is adjacent to the gallbladder?
quadrate lobe
The remnant of the umbilical vein is what?
ligamentum teres
The remnant of the ductus venosus is what?
ligamentum venosum
What is the name of the artery which supplies the gallbladder?
cystic a.
What contents are found within the triangle of calot?
cystic duct, cystic a., common hepatic duct, liver
Which sympathetic nerves innervate the liver and where do they originate?
celiac and hepatic plexuses which originate from the thoracic splanchnic nerves
The gut tube is lined internally with which embryological tissue?
endoderm
Which embryological tissue surrounds the gut tube?
splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm
Above the pectinate line, the epithelium of the gut tube is derived from which embryological tissue?
endoderm
Below the pectinate line, the epithelium of the gut tube is derived from which embryological tissue?
ectoderm
What is recanalization?
the process of vacuoles (openings) being added to the solid gut tube to create a lumen
What is pyloric stenosis?
narrowing of the pyloric sphincter which manifests in projectile vomiting; No bile present
Would you expect to find bile present in duodenal stenosis/atresia?
yes
Describe the rotation of the foregut? What is its axis of rotation?
Foregut rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise and its axis is the SMA
How many degrees does the midgut rotate and what is its axis?
total 270 degrees, superior mesenteric artery is its axis
If a fetus presents with small intestine bunched to right side and large intestine bunched to left side then what can you concur about the rotation of the gut?
absence of rotation
If a fetus presents with its SMA compressing the transverse colon and the duodenum sits anterior to the transverse colon then what can you concur about the rotation of the gut?
revered rotation
If a fetus presents with the gut twisted in on itself causing constriction that prevents chyme from passing through then what can you concur about the rotation of the gut?
volvulus
What is the medical term for failure of the gut tube to retract into the abdomen?
omphalocele
Describe the 4 layers that make up the alimentary canal
Outer
1. serosa/adventitia
2. muscularis (responsible for peristalsis)
3. submucosa (vasculature)
4. mucosa
Inner
At the lower esophageal sphincter there is an abrupt change of tissue cell type. What is the change?
From protective stratified squamous epithelium to secretory simple columnar epithelium
What makes the esophageal sphincter prone to hiatal hernia?
with age the elastic fibers in the phrenoesophageal membrane and the diaphragm can become weak
What portion of the stomach is this from?
cardia bc these glands predominantly produce mucous and lack parietal and chief cells. you can also tell because the gastric pit is shallow
What is the name of the mucous glands of the duodenum which produce alkaline mucous to neutralize stomach acidity?
Brunner’s glands
What structural component is unique to bacterial cell walls and provides rigidity and shape to the cell?
peptidoglycan
A glycocalyx is also known as what?
bacterial capsule
_____ epidemiology aims to investigate cause-and-effect relationships, often by testing specific hypotheses. It examines associations between exposures and outcomes to identify potential risk factors, protective factors, or causal relationships.
Analytical
Examples include case-control or cohort studies
______ epidemiology involves collecting and analyzing data to describe the distribution of health-related events or diseases within a population. It focuses on “what,” “where,” “when,” and “who” without delving into causality or mechanisms of action.
Descriptive
Examples include cross-sectional studies
How do you calculate cumulative incidence (CI)?
CI = # of new cases of disease/# of people at risk for disease
