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CRAM SEMR > WEEK 3 > Flashcards

WEEK 3 Flashcards

1
Q

to address nutrition-related problems
and provide safe and effective quality
nutrition care

used by the registered dietitian (RD)
to identify, diagnose, and treat any
nutrition- related problems or disorders

A

Nutrition Care Process

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2
Q

obtaining,
verifying, and interpreting data in
order to make decisions about the
nature and cause of nutrition-related
problems

A

Nutrition Assessment

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3
Q

height and weight

Body mass index (BMI)

Weight history

waist circumference measurement

Other (skinfold thickness, hydrostatic
weighing, air-displacement plethysmography,
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and
bioelectrical impedance analysis)

A

Anthropometric measurements

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4
Q

divided into macronutrients and
micronutrients

biomarkers

A

Biochemical assessment/markers

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5
Q

!history of present illness
!the past medical history
!an inquiry into the family history
!physical examination
!careful review of systems looking for
signs of disease/illness

A

Clinical Component

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6
Q

to determine the adequacy

A

Dietary Component

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7
Q

loss from transfer of albumin between the
extravascular and the vascular compartment
(kwashiorkor)

A

Albumin

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8
Q

Predictor of mortality in patients in long-term-care
facilities

Levels are good indicators of chronic deficiency

catabolic stress of
infection

A

Albumin

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9
Q

> 35 g/L

A

albumin ref range

35
30
25

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10
Q

early indicator of iron deficiency

Also low in cases of nephrotic
syndrome, liver disorders, anemia, and
neoplastic disease

A

Transferrin

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11
Q

contains one binding
site for retinol-binding protein (RBP)

A

Transthyretin

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12
Q

monitoring short-term
effects of nutritional therapy

A

Transthyretin

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13
Q

indicator of the adequacy of a nutritional
feeding

A

Transthyretin

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14
Q

liver disease does not affect transthyretin as
early or to the same extent as it affects other
serum protein markers

A

Transthyretin

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15
Q

short-term changes in
nutritional status

A

Retinol-Binding Protein

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16
Q

interacts strongly with plasma
transthyretin

increases in patients
with renal failure

A

Retinol-Binding Protein

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17
Q

The molecular size and structure of
IGF-1 is similar to proinsulin

circulates bound to IGF-BP3

A

Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1

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18
Q

serves important roles in
– cell-to-cell adherence
– tissue differentiation
– wound healing
– microvascular integrity
– Opsonization

A

Fibronectin

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19
Q

major protein regulating phagocytosis

A

Fibronectin

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20
Q

Indicator of sepsis in burn patients

A

Fibronectin

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21
Q

difference between nitrogen intake and nitrogen
excretion

most widely used indicators of protein change

A

Nitrogen Balance

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22
Q

increases
dramatically under conditions of sepsis,
inflammation, and infection

A

C-Reactive Protein

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23
Q

rises in concentration 4 to 6 hours
before other acute-phase reactants
begin to rise

A

C-Reactive Protein

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24
Q

predictor of cardiac disease and other
cholesterol

A

C-Reactive Protein

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25
Q

!the interleukins

!Produced by macrophages and Tlymphocytes, in response to antigenic or
mitogenic stimulation, and affect
primary T-lymphocyte function.

A

Cytokines

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26
Q

appropriate amounts, is needed for a
balanced diet

A

Fats

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27
Q

!Nutrition assessment for type 1 and
type 2 diabetes mellitus

–blood glucose
–glycosylated hemoglobin/proteins
– fructosamine

A

Carbohydrates

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28
Q

supporting patients who are
malnourished

administering appropriate
amounts of carbohydrate, amino acid,
and lipid solutions, as well as
electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, and
trace elements, to meet the caloric,
protein, and nutrient requirements while
maintaining water and electrolyte
balance

A

Parenteral Nutrition

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29
Q

a common problem in
children after heel stick was done

A

Hyperkalemia

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30
Q

metabolic acidosis is a
problem when crystal amino acid
solutions are used

A

Hyperchloremia

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31
Q

Supplying some of the sodium and
potassium requirements as – can reduce the
required amount of chloride

A

acetate or
phosphate salts

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32
Q

cofactors in many
enzymatic reactions

A

Vitamins

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33
Q

refers to abnormal
increases of metabolism requiring high
supplies of one of the cofactors
(vitamins)

A

Vitamin Insufficiency or Vitamin
Dependency

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34
Q

(vitamin C, sailors and lime
consumption, limeys)

A

scurvy

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35
Q

(vitamin D in the early industrial
age)

A

rickets

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36
Q

alcoholics and thiamine

A

beriberi

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37
Q

niacin

A

pellagra

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38
Q

night blindness

A

vitamin A

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39
Q

folic acid or
vitamin B12

A

megaloblastic anemia

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40
Q

spina bifida

A

folic acid

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41
Q

– pernicious anemia with neuropathy

A

vitamin B12

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42
Q

– pernicious anemia with neuropathy

A

vitamin B12

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43
Q

! Vitamin A1
! Vitamin D
! Vitamin E
! Vitamin K

A

FAT-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS

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44
Q

Vitamin B
Folic Acid
Vitamin C

A

WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS

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45
Q

dietary carotenoids

stored in the liver and transported in
the circulation complexed to RBP and
transthyretin.

vision, cellular
differentiation, growth, reproduction,
and immune system function

A

Vitamin A

46
Q

Deficiency: (nyctalopia)
Most Common Method: HPLC

A

Vitamin A

47
Q

900 μg per
day (MALES)

700 μg (FEMALES)

A

Vitamin A

48
Q

powerful antioxidant and the
primary defense

protecting
unsaturated lipids from peroxidation

Dietary sources: vegetable oil, fresh
leafy vegetables, egg yolk, legumes,
peanuts, and margarine

A

Vitamin E

49
Q

Vitamin E

is the predominant
isomer in plasma

A

Alpha-tocopherol

50
Q

major symptom if deficient:
hemolytic anemia

fat malabsorption (cystic fibrosis)

abetalipoproteinemia

A

Vitamin E

51
Q

Synergistic with two other essential
nutrients, selenium and ascorbic acid

A

Vitamin E

52
Q

RDA is 15 mg/d
HPLC methods

A

Vitamin E

53
Q

for proper skeleton formation and
mineral homeostasis

Exposure of the skin to sunlight (ultraviolet
light) catalyzes the formation of
cholecalciferol from 7-dehydrocholesterol.

A

Vitamin D

54
Q

Occurs in foods as cholecalciferol or
ergocalciferol

A

Vitamin D

55
Q

The most active metabolite of vitamin – is
1,25(OH)2D3

A

Vitamin D

56
Q

The RDA for adults is 15 to 20 μg/d

A

Vitamin D

57
Q

intestinal absorption of
calcium and phosphate

increases mobilization of calcium
and phosphate

A

Vitamin D

58
Q

Undermineralization of bone matrix in
remodeling (Osteomalacia-Adults)

failure to calcify cartilage at the growth
plate in metaphysical bone formation
(Rickets in Children)

A

Vitamin D

59
Q

produces hypercalcemia and
hypercalciuria, which can lead to calcium
deposits in soft tissue and irreversible
renal and cardiac damage

A

Vitamin D

60
Q

major circulating form of vitamin D

good indicator of vitamin D nutritional
status and vitamin D intoxication

A

25(OH)D3

61
Q

vitamin D

Reference Range
– 22 to 42 ng/mL for –

(RIA) or HPLC

A

25(OH) D3

62
Q

vitamin D

Reference Range
30 to 53 pg/mL for –

(RIA) or HPLC

A

1,25(OH)2D3

63
Q

converting precursor forms
of coagulation proteins to functional
forms

A

Vitamin K

64
Q

Synthesized by intestinal bacteria; this
synthesis provides 50% of the vitamin –
requirement.

A

Vitamin K

65
Q

Deficiency may be caused by antibiotic
therapy or when using anticoagulants
(warfarin sodium)

Effects of deficiency
hemorrhagic episode

A

Vitamin K

66
Q

Prothrombin time is prolonged in
vitamin – deficiency

A

vitamin K

67
Q

The normal prothrombin time is

A

11 to 15s

68
Q

The adult average intake
– 120 μg/d (males) and 90 μg/d (females)

A

Vitamin K

69
Q

coenzyme in
decarboxylation reactions in major
carbohydrate

A

Thiamine

70
Q

associated with beriberi
(chronic alcoholism)

A

Thiamine

71
Q

best
measured by erythrocyte transketolase
activity, before and after the addition of
thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).

A

Thiamine

72
Q

The RDA is 1.2 mg/d (males) and 1.1
mg/d (females)

A

Thiamine

73
Q

component of
two coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide
and flavin adenine dinucleotide
(oxidation–reduction reactions)

A

Riboflavin

74
Q

antagonize the action

phenothiazine, oral contraceptives,
and tricyclic antidepressants

A

Riboflavin

75
Q

antagonize the action

phenothiazine, oral contraceptives,
and tricyclic antidepressants

A

Riboflavin

76
Q

The RDA is 1.3 mg/d for adult males
and 1.1 mg/d for adult females

A

Riboflavin

77
Q

Reduced glutathione reductase
activity greater than 40% is an
indication of deficiency

A

Riboflavin

78
Q

High intake of proteins increases the
requirements for vitamin

A

Pyridoxine

79
Q

pyridoxine

A

plants

80
Q

The RDA
– 1.3 to 1.7 mg/d for adult males
– 1.3 to 1.5 mg/d for adult females

A

Pyridoxine

81
Q

coenzymes nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide and nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate

A

Niacin

82
Q

deficiency may result from
alcoholism

Pellagra, the clinical syndrome resulting
from

A

Niacin

83
Q

The RDA is
– 16 mg/d for adult males
– 14 mg/d for adult female

A

Niacin

84
Q

– and vitamin B12 are closely
related metabolically

Boiling food and using large
quantities of water result in –
destruction

Symptom: Megaloblastic anemia

A

Folate

85
Q

concentration is
accepted as the best laboratory index
of folate deficiency

A

Erythrocyte folate

86
Q

Homocysteine elevation in serum and
urine occurs in

A

folate deficiency

87
Q

requirement is increased
during pregnancy and especially during
lactation

supplementation of –in
pregnant women reduces the incidence
of fetal neural tube defects

A

Folate

88
Q

Certain anticonvulsants and other
drugs that interfere with –
metabolism include sulfasalazine,
isoniazid, and cycloserine

A

folate

89
Q

accelerates folate excretion and
interferes with folate absorption and
metabolism.

A

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

90
Q

interferes with folate’s
enterohepatic circulation

A

Alcohol

91
Q

inhibits the enzyme
dihydrofolate reductase

A

Methotrexate

92
Q

RDA is
– 400 μg/d for adult males and females

A

folate

93
Q

microbiologic assay with Lactobacillus
casei

A

folate

94
Q

necessary for
hematopoiesis and fatty acid
metabolism

A

Vitamin B12

95
Q

bears a corrin ring

A

Vitamin B12

96
Q

Therefore, total vegetarian
diets are likely to be deficient or low
in vitamin –

A

vitamin B12

97
Q

Schilling test, the patient
receives a small, oral dose of
radiolabeled vitamin –

Patients who cannot absorb usually a deficiency of intrinsic
factor, as in pernicious anemia)

A

vitamin B12

98
Q

Loss of vitamin – also occurs in
– fish tapeworm infection
– malabsorption diseases (sprue or celiac
disease)

A

B12

99
Q

The RDA for adults is 2.4 μg/d

– RIA or an enzyme immunoassay.

A

B12

100
Q

The reference range
– 110 to 800 pg/mL (81.2 to 590.4 pmol/L)

A

B12

101
Q

The most common methods for
determination of vitamin –

competitive protein-binding RIAs

A

B12

102
Q

role in
gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and
fatty acid synthesis

A

Biotin

103
Q

deficiency can be produced by
ingestion of large amounts of avidin,
found in raw egg whites that bind to –

A

Biotin

104
Q

Reference ranges of 200 to 500 pg/mL
(0.82 to 2.05 nmol/L)

Lactobacillus organism

A

Biotin

105
Q

was first
designated as vitamin B3

metabolically converted to 4′-
phosphopantetheine, which becomes
covalently bound to either serum acyl
carrier protein or coenzyme A.

A

Pantothenic Acid

106
Q

Pantothenic Acid

highly important acylgroup transfer coenzyme involved in
many reaction types

A

Coenzyme A i

107
Q

Assays using a load test look for
excretion of the acetylated paminobenzoic acid that is formed

A

Pantothenic Acid

108
Q

strong reducing compound

formation
and stabilization of collagen by
hydroxylation of proline and lysine

A

Ascorbic Acid

109
Q

most widely used assay for
– is the 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazine method

HPLC- increased sensitivity and specificity.

A

ascorbic acid

110
Q

The reference range for – is
0.4 to 0.6 mg/dL (23 to 34 µmol/L)

A

ascorbic acid

111
Q

major signs of carnitine deficiency are
muscle weakness and fatigue

hereditary
or acquired—

A

Carnitine

CRAM SEMR (7 decks)

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