electrolytes

Question 1

70% of Na is
reabsorbed by the earlier parts of the renal tubule

Answer 1

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Question 2

promote retention
of sodium and excretion of potassium

Answer 2

Aldosterone

Question 3

Water and Sodium Loss

Answer 3

hypovolemia

Question 4

multiple myeloma
protein buildup

Answer 4

DECREASED
ANION GAP

Question 5

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Answer 5

produced by
the atrial myocardium; promotes natriuresis and
relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle

Question 6

> 135-mild
130-moderate
125-severe

Answer 6

hyponatremia

Question 7

• occurs when Na+ is measured using indirect
  ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) in a patient
  who is hyperproteinemic or hyperlipidemic

Answer 7

pseudohyponatremia

Question 8

rare condition wherein
sodium chloride gradients cannot form in the loop
of Henle causing the retention of chloride ion that is
not available for the countercurrent mechanism.

Answer 8

Bartter’s Syndrome

Question 9

Aldosterone deficit secondary to Addison’s disease

Answer 9

hyponatremia

Question 10

it causes efflux of
cellular water with consequent osmotic dilution of
serum sodium.

Answer 10

Diabetic hyperosmolar state

Question 11

-sodium
-potassium

Answer 11

ISE

Question 12

-calcium
-magnesium

Answer 12

AAS

Question 13

• 6–7 mmol/L may alter the –

K

Answer 13

electrocardiogram

Question 14

> 10 mmol/L k may cause

Answer 14

cardiac rest

Question 15

3mmol K

Answer 15

hypokalemia

Question 16

3.5-5.1 mmol/L

Answer 16

K

Question 17

Together with sodium, they represent the majority of the osmotically
active constituent of the plasma

• Maintaining electrical neutrality

Answer 17

Chloride

Question 18

Mercurimetric Titration
(Schales-Schales method)

Answer 18

chloride

Question 19

98 – 106 mmol/L

Answer 19

chloride

Question 20

fifth most common element and
the most prevalent cation in the human
body

Answer 20

calcium

Question 21

important in skeletal mineralization
exocrine and
endocrine glands

Answer 21

calcium

Question 22

It preserves the cell membrane’s integrity and permeability
particularly in terms of sodium and potassium exchange

Answer 22

calcium

Question 23

secretion in blood is stimulated by a decrease in
ionized Ca2

Answer 23

PTH

Question 24

activates a process known as bone
resorption, in which activated osteoclasts break down bone
and subsequently release Ca2 into the ECF

Answer 24

PTH

Question 25

conserves Ca2 by increasing tubular
reabsorption of Ca2 ions

Answer 25

PTH

Question 26

also stimulates renal production of active vitamin D

Answer 26

PTH

Question 27

obtained from the diet or
exposure of skin to sunlight

Answer 27

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

Question 28

Secreted when the concentration of Ca2 in blood
increases

it is secreted in response to a
hypercalcemic stimulus

Answer 28

CALCITONIN

Question 29

exerts its Ca2-lowering effect by inhibiting the
actions of both PTH and vitamin D

Answer 29

Calcitonin