Week 2.4 Infectious Disease Agents and Classifications Flashcards
infectious disease aka
communicable disease
what is the definition of an infectious disease
lines caused by a specific infectious agent or its toxic product that results from transmission of the age from an infected person, animal reservoir, to a host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate plant or animal host, or an inanimate object,
what are some things that affect the immune system
pregnancy pre-existing conditions, chronic disease malignancy immunosuppressive disorders stress malnutrition age lymph node dissections corticosteroids, chemo, radiation indwelling lines and tubes implante devices obesity
what is a virus
a sub cellular organism made up only of a ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) covered with proteins
why are viruses hard to treat
they have rapid replication and high mutation rates
most (but not all) viruses are…
self-limiting, meaning that don’t need a specific antiviral therapy
TF: antibiotics are effective on viruses
false, they are not
there are antiviral drugs for what 4 things
HIV, herpes, hepatitis, influenza
TF antiviral drugs are subject to resistance
true
what are some examples of viruses
SARS-CoV-2, influenza, herpes, hepatitis, meningitis, pneumonia, common cold
what is bacteria
single cell microorganism with a well defined cell walls that can grow independently on artificial media, without the need for other cells.
bacteria are classified by
shape and oxygen need
what constitutes about 38% of pathogen
bacteria
bacteria is treated with
antibiotics (but it needs to be specific)
what are some examples of viruses
strep, staph, clostridium, E.Coli.
what is fungi
a single celled or multicellular organism
what are the two forms of fungi
true pathogen
opportunistic pathogen
what is a true pathogen
causes infections in healthy people, like histoplasmosis, and coccidiodomycosis.
what is an opportunistic pathogen
causes infections in immunocompromised people, like aspergillosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis.
what is a common fungi, and what does it cause
yeast, and it causes thrush, diaper rash and athletes foot
fungi is used to develop
antibiotics, antitoxins, and other drugs
how do you treat fungi
antifungals or antivirals applied directly to the skin, or injected if serious infection
what are parasites
an organism that lives on or in a host and gets its food from or at the expense of its host
where are parasites more common
in rural areas, or developing areas
what is the mode of transmission for parasites
through the mouth or the skin
what are common types of parasites
pinworms, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis, intestinal infections, giardiasis, and cryptosporidosis, malaria.
how do you treat parasites
anti parasitic drugs,
what are prions
infectious agents composed entirely of protein material that can fold in multiple, structurally distinct ways leading to disease that is similar to a viral infection
how are prions transmitted
animal to human
what are prions characterized by
long latent intervals in the host, that when reactivated cause a rapidly progressive deteriorating state
what are some examples of prions
cruetzfeldt Jakob, mad cow
is there a treatment for prions
no
what are some areas of attack
generalized or systemic organ systems CNS hematological skin and soft tissue musculoskeletal bone
what is direct contact transmission
- person to person (touch, droplet, sex, feces)
- bites from insects or animals
- mother to unborn child, placenta or the vaginal canal during delivery
what is indirect contact transmission
- contact with a contaminated surface, object, food, blood, water.
- Can travel through the air
what are the BIG 5 infectious diseases, according to the WHO
pneumonia diarrhea HIV/AIDS tuberculosis malaria
what is sepsis
a life threatening complication of infection occurring when the immune reaction to infection triggers an inflammatory response throughout the body, the inflammation can trigger a cascade of changes that will damage organs, and causes failure.
what patient populations are at high risk for sepsis
older adults and immunocompromised
what are the three stages of sepsis
sepsis
severe sepsis
septic shock
what is the sepsis stage
confirmed infection with at least 2 of the following
- body temp over 101 or below 96.8
- HR >90bpm
- RR>20 breaths per minute
what is the severe sepsis stage
at least one of the following s/s indicating organ failure
- decreased urine output
- abrupt AMS
- decreased platelet count
- difficulty breathing
- abnormal heart pump function
- abdominal pain
what is septic shock
all the s/s of severe sepsis, with extreme hypotension that does not respond to fluids.
what are risk factors for sepsis
old or very young immunocompromised hospitalization in ICU wounds or injuries (burns) invasive devices like catheter or intubated antibiotic resistant bacteria
what are compilation with sepsis
impaired organ function
blood clots
death
___ burden is greater than HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, combined
health care associated infections (HAI)
what are the 5 most common HAI
e.coli staph enterococcus faecalis pseudomonas aeruginosa Candida albicans
what are common sites for HAI
UTI, surgical wounds, joints, lower respiratory tracts
risk factors for HAI
age immunodeficiency/immunosuppressed misused antibiotics invasive diagnostics and procedures agitation surgery, burns length hospitalization
