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Pediatrics > Week 2.2 - Respiratory Conditions > Flashcards

Week 2.2 - Respiratory Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Children are more likely to have lower airway inflammation be described as bronchiolitis and not bronchitis. Why is this?

A

It is more likely to affect their bronchioles –> Different terminology

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2
Q

What are the most common viruses that effect children?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Also, nonpolioviruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza, human metapneumoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza

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3
Q

What are some modifiable risk factors for respiratory infection in children?

A

Not breastfed, daycare attendance, smoking in house, malnutrition, anemia

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4
Q

What are not non-modifiable risk factors for respiratory infection in children?

A

Preterm, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, cystic fibrosis, chronic illness, immunocompromised, allergies, asthma.

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5
Q

Why might warm humidity help with bronchiolotis/RSV?

A

Moisten secretions and promote their movement

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6
Q

What is croup?

A

Sudden onset of harsh, barking cough. Often inspiratory stridor with hoarseness and sore throat.

Causes mild to severe respiratory distress.

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7
Q

What kind of croup is characterized by sudden onset at night?

A

Acute spasmodic laryngitis

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8
Q

What causes acute laryngo-tracheobronchitis?

A

Viral in origin

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9
Q

What causes acute spasmodic croup?

A

Could be viral or anxiety related

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10
Q

What causes acute epiglottitis?

A

H. Influenzae type B
–> Most serious of croup disorders due to high risk of airway obstruction

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11
Q

What causes acute tracheitis?

A

Staphylococcus

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12
Q

Acute laryngotrancheobronchitis is the most common croup syndrome. What usually causes it and what is it characterized by?

A

Usually viral in origin
–> Characterized by gradual onset of low-grade fever, barky brassy seal-like cough that is worse at night, inspiratory stridor, hoarseness

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13
Q

What age group is most commonly affected by acute epiglottitis?

A

Age 2-5 years

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14
Q

What are the 4Ds of acute epiglottitis?

A

Drooling, dysphonia, dysphagia, distress (agitation)

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15
Q

Why should we try to minimize crying in a child with group?

A

Causes increased edema in airway, not worth the risk of extra assessments

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16
Q

What medications might be used for croup?

A

–> Dexamethasone
–> Antipyretics
–> Epinephrine
–> Inhalations (antibiotics for epiglottis)

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17
Q

How can we treat foreign body aspiration?

A

Back blows, abdominal thrusts

Can be diagnosed with x-ray and removed by endoscopy

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18
Q

What is the most common cause bronchioilitis?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

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19
Q

Mucosal inflammation/edema, accompanied by bronchioles becoming constricted during expiration occurs during which illness process? What does this lead to?

A

Bronchiolitis
–> Air trapping + hyperinflation
–> Atelectasis with complete obstruction

Impaired gas exchange results in metabolic acidosis and mild respiratory alkalosis

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis?

A

RSV

21
Q

Chest overexpansion, rhinorrhea, and crackles are common in which airway issue in children?

A

Bronchiolitis
–> Alterations in behaviour and LOC is sign of cyanosis

22
Q

What does the course of RSV look like?

A

Peaks at day 3-5 and lingers for 2-4 weeks.

23
Q

What is most important of treatment for bronchiolitis?

A

Oxygen and hydration

24
Q

Influenza is most severe in which age group?

A

Infants

25
Q

A child presents with dry throat, dry cough, if flushes and fevered with chills, has photophobia, myalgia and a lack of energy. What does this resemble?

A

Influenza

26
Q

How long does influenza last?

A

4-5 days.

27
Q

What bacteria causes pertussis or whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

28
Q

Pertussis is highly contagious and has a high risk to young infants. It has a high morbidity and risk of mortality. How is it prevented?

A

Vaccination
–> Lifelong immunity after infection

29
Q

What is the usual etiology of pneumonia in children?

A

Viral - RSV/influenza most common

May also be bacterial or aspiration

30
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for a three year old?

A

20-30 rpm

31
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for a school aged child?

A

3-6: 20-25
6-12: 14-22

32
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for a youth (12+)

A

12-18 rpm

33
Q

What are the goals of care in a child with a respiratory tract infection?

A

To decrease respiratory effort, prevent exhaustion, and/or increase efficacy

34
Q

What is the most serious croup disorder?

A

Acute epiglottitis due to high risk of airway obstruction
–> caused by haemophilus influenzae

35
Q

What is Otitis media?

A

Fluid in middle ear alongside acute illness and symptoms of middle ear infection

36
Q

What causes mononucleosis? What symptoms are associated with it?

A

Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus
–> Fever, exudative pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and increased typical lymphocytes.

37
Q

Which structures can be affected by croup syndromes?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi

38
Q

What age group is usually effected by acute larygotracheobronchitis?

A

Children under 5

39
Q

What age is usually affected by acute spasmodic laryngitis?

A

1-3 years of age.

40
Q

What is the most common kind of croup?

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis

41
Q

Slide 22 - read about?

A
42
Q

Do children develop immunity to RSV?

A

No, re-infections are common

43
Q

What are the long-term effects of bronchiolitis?

A

Infection in the first year of life increases the risk of childhood asthma

44
Q

What age group is typically effected by bronchiolitis?

A

Children ages 2-12 months, rare after 2 years

45
Q

What is tamiflu?

A

antiviral that can be given in early infection of influenza to prevent severe infection.

46
Q

When is RSV season?

A

November-April

47
Q

What is choanal astresia?

A

A kind of congenital respiratory anomaly wherein a bony or membranous septum develops between the nose and pharynx, blocking airflow through nose.

48
Q

What is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

A defect in the diaphragm that allows abdominal organs to be displaced into the thoracic cavity.
–> More common on the left side, where diaphragm closes last.

Pediatrics (5 decks)

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