week 22 lecture Flashcards
reliability
same results across time
validity
test measuring what it’s supposed to measure
Rorschach Ink Blot Test
correct answer: winged creature
if not, you could have psychopathology, anxiety, preoccupation with others
NOT valid or reliable
still used widely
5-factor model of personality
aka “big 5” or OCEAN
Opennes - adventourous
consciousness - organized vs careless
extroversion - social vsseclusive
agreeableness - easyness vs firm
neurotism - worrying vs calm
extroversion
Socialable
warm
assertive
active
excitement-seeking
positive emotionality
WHO HIGH???
Spongebob
jack sparrow
WHO LOW???
Batman
conscientiousness
competent
orderly
dutiful
achievement oriented
self-disciplined
deliberate
WHO HIGH???
Hermione
WHO LOW???
Garfield
Neuroticism - tendency to experience negative emotions
anxious
angry
depressed
self-conscious
impulsive
vulnerable
WHO HIGH???
Kanye West
WHO LOW???
Jake Peralta
Openness to experience
fantasy prone
open to
feelings
diverse behaviours
new and different ideas
various values and beliefs
new experiences
WHO HIGH?
DORA
Alice in wonderland
WHO LOW?
Sheldon
Agreeableness
trusting
straightforward
altruistic
compliant
modest
HWO HIGH???
Thai Lee
Bob Ross
WHO LOW???
ROSA
Larry David
Agreeable vs. Open
Someone who is agreeable might agree to go on new experience, but isn’t necessarily their preference
Someone open to new experience might not always find it easy to get along with others
High in openness to experience, but low in agreeableness
TONY STARK
HOUSE
open to new experience
but he’s stern, sets boundaries, HIS WAY
Low in openness to experience, high in agreeableness
Piglet
Super nice but doesn’t like to change the way they think
Outcomes from OCEAN 5 factor model
subjective wellbeing
- high extroversion
- low neuroticism
physical health
- high consciousness
- high agreeableness
Relationship quality
- high agreeableness
- low neuroticism
Volunteerism
- high agreeableness
Academic & Work Performance
- high consciousness
Work preferences
- high openness and artistic work
Beyond bug 5
HEXACO model
*Honestly-Humility emerged as an important personality facet in cross-cultural research
Personality:
- Honestly-Humility
- Emotionality
- Extroversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Openness
HEXACO VS OCEAN (5FactorModel)
Emotionality
- fearfulness
- anxiety
- dependence
- sentimentality
* Some overlap Neuroticism + includes sentimentality but excludes anger
Honestly-Humility
- sincerity
- fairness
- greed avoidance
- modesty
* Prosocial aspects not measured by the big 5
* Inversely related to materialism, unethical practices, antisocial behaviour
Other personality Factors
Machiavellianism - cunningness, the ability to be manipulative, and a drive to use whatever means necessary to gain power
Need for achievement
Need for cognition
Authoritarianism
Narcissism
Self-Esteem
Optimism
Alexithymia - difficulty experiencing, identifying, and expressing emotions
Assessments for behaviour OBJECTIVE TESTS (2)
Objective Tests
- Self-report measures
*describe self in response to questions
* level of agreement/accuracy
EX. International Personality Item Pool (IPIP)
- 3320 items, 463 scales
- assertiveness, focus of control, sensation-seeking
EX. from IPIP
How much do the following statements describe you?
- love dangerous situations
- would like to try bungee jumping
- prefer fear to boredom
- Informant ratings
*ask someone who knows the person well
Pros
- High validity
- strong self-other agreement
- predictive of behaviour and performance measures
- Lack of distortions present in self-ratings
- lower risk of social desirability effects
Assessments for behaviour PROJECTIVE & IMPLICIT TESTS
Projective & Implicit tests
Pros
- some evidence of validity
- can provide insight into affect and cognition
- more aggressive content in TAT descriptions after being primed with images of guns vs. control objects
Cons
- more difficult to administer and score
- lack of standardized scoring & norms
EXAMPLES
- Rorschach (inkblot) test
*widely considered pseudoscientific
*lack empirical evidence & validity
*No demonstrated value over self-reports - Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)
- Implicit Association Test
EX. Implicit Association Test (IAT) - examine strength of association between concepts
ex. faster responses to categorization
Behaviour & performance measures
- EAR
- Experiments
Implicit Association Test (IAT)- EVERYONE IS RACIST???
Pros and cons of IAT
Are you faster to automatically associate black people with good or bad? White people?
- associating black with more negative compared to others =. more prejudice
- associating white people with more good compared to others = more prejudice
IAT
Pros
- lower risk of social desirability
- may measure “non-conscious” aspects of personality
Cons
- mediocre reliability
- disputes regarding what it is measuring
- strength of associations? beliefs? conscious or unconscious?
Behavioural & Performance Measures
EAR - Electronically Activated Recorder
- captures auditory information (ex. speach) outside of laboratory environments
PROS
- permits longer durations of observation (over days, months, etc)
- Unobtrusive
- Habituation
- Correlates with self and other rated traits such as extraversion
CONS
- hawthorne effect (you know you’re being observes)
- noncompliance
Personality describes…
the fundamental ways people differ from each others
TWO most common conceptualizations of personality traits
The Big Five - OCEAN
HEXACO
