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Special Populations > Week 2 STI's & Week 2 M/F Common Pathologies (Q. 5 & 6) > Flashcards

Week 2 STI's & Week 2 M/F Common Pathologies (Q. 5 & 6) Flashcards

1
Q

When left undiagnosed or untreated, curables STI’s can result in serious complications such as?

A 
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Infertility
Ectopic Pregnancy
Miscarriage
Fetal Loss
Congenital Infections
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2
Q

Both ulerative and nonelcerative STI are associated with increasing the risk of transmitting or acquring HIV.

Which is associated with the highest form of risk?

a. Ulcerative
b. Nonulcerative

A

A. Ulcerative

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3
Q

Other than Chlamydia, which STI is responsible for potentially causing blindness in ‘vaginal birth’ infants if left untreated?

A. Herpes
B. Gonorrhoea
C. Syphilis
D. Chancroid

A

B. Gonorrhoea and Chlamydia - passed from mum to newborn during birth.

Chlamydia is prevalent in developing countries and aboriginal communities of Australia

Chlamydia has a high affinity for mucosal surfaces - cervix, urethra, rectum, nasopharynx, conjunctiva

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4
Q

Is Chlamydia asymptomatic or symptomatic in nature?

A

Asymptomatic = 70% Male 80% Females

Can also be present for years before symptoms develop.

Generally discovered during pelvic inflammatory disease

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of Chlamydia in Women?

A

Vaginal Discharge
Dysuria
Irregular Vaginal Bleeding
Deep pain on intercourse and low abdo discomfort

Tubular damage from chronic or repeated Chlamydia pelvic infection may result in infertility and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy

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6
Q

Which is not a symptom of Chlamydia in Men?

A. Painful Urination
B. Tenderness and Pain around the testes
C. White Cloudy or Watery Discharge
D. Back Pain

A

D. Back Pain

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7
Q

Chlamydia Conjunctivitis can be transferred from mother to baby during birth or parents not washing their hands after urination.

What is the associated pathology that can develop from this disease?

A

Pneumonia/pneumonitis

Usually presents between 1 - 3 months of age - with a stuffy nose, staccato cough, rapid breathing.
Fever may be present

Xray usually reveals widespread inflammatory filtrates, over-inflation -> may progress later in life to a chronic airway disease

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8
Q

What are the two drugs used for the treatment of Chlamydia?

A. Single Dose Azithromycin 1gm (2x500mg tablets) or 10-day treatment of Doxycycline 100 mg tablets

B. 10-day course of Azithromycin 1gm and single dose Doxy Tablet

C. 2 x 500 mg tablets of Doxy and 7 day course of Azithromycin

D. Both drugs are 10-day course each at 100mg strength

A

A. Single Dose Azithromycin 1gm (2x500mg tablets) or 10-day treatment of Doxycycline 100 mg tablets

However, for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease the dose requirements are

1gm dose of azithromycin followed by 3 weeks of Doxycycline

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9
Q

What should Chlamydia-infected people do to prevent the spread of illness?

A. Inform all current sex partner/s
B. Take prescribed antibiotics, including your current sexual partner/s
C. Avoid sex during antibiotic treatment (oral, vaginal, anal)
D. All the above

A

D. All the above

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10
Q

Which STI is Chlamydia impossible to differentiate with based on symptoms alone?

a. Herpes
b. Gonorrhoea
c. Syphilis
d. Chanchroid

A

b. Gonorrhoea

Takes up to 4- 6 days for symptoms to present but may also take up to 30 days.

Males

  • Purulent discharge,
  • Dysuria,
  • Scrotal pain and Swelling

Females

  • Generally Asymptomatic, thus if left untreated can progress to PID -> infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pain
  • Bartholin’s Gland Abscess

Both Sexes
- Gonococcal Pharyngitis

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11
Q

Which sex is most likely to contract Gonnorrhoea and why?

A

Males, reflecting the higher incidence of this infection of men who have sex with other men

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12
Q

What is Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI)?

Which gender does it affect most?

A

DGI results from the bacteremic spread of Gonorrhoea which mainly affects women

Symptoms

  • Rash,
  • Fever,
  • Reactive Arthritis,
  • Septic Arthritis,
  • Tendonitis,
  • Endocarditis or
  • Meningitis
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13
Q

It is now routine to provide cover for ______ in all those with suspected Gonorrhoea as there is a high rate of concurrent infection in this group (30%)

a. Chlamydia Trachomatis
b. N. gonnorhoea
c. Syphilis
d. Chanchroid

A

A. Chlamydia Trachomatis

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea are hard to differentiate from symptoms alone and there is a high rate of concurrent infection in this group - 30%

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14
Q

What is Congenital Syphilis?

A

Congenital syphilis is a severe, disabling, and often life-threatening infection seen in infants. Treatment is essential to avoid blindness.

A pregnant mother who has syphilis can spread the disease through the placenta to the unborn infant or via the birth canal.

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15
Q

Which is not a ‘secondary’ symptom of syphilis?

A. General Malaise/Fever
B. Lymph node enlargement
C. Wart-like growth in the genital area
D. Chancre - A single painless ulcer
E. Rash that covers the body
A

D. Chancre - A single painless ulcer - a symptom of Primary syphilis

There are 4 phases of Syphilis.

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Latent
  • Tertiary
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16
Q

Which major organ can be affected by untreated syphilis?

A. Heart
B. Brain
C. Lungs
D. A and B

A

D. A and B.

The first symptom is a painless sore called a chancre that can show up near or on the genitalia, the mouth or anus, or on the hands. It can take years for syphilis to become advanced. It involves the heart and central nervous system.

Syphilis is treated with penicillin or other antibiotics such as Ceftriaxone. May be administered together.

17
Q

The term “chancre” is given to:

a. the sores symptomatic of herpes
b. the sore symptomatic of syphilis
c. the growths symptomatic of genital warts
d. all of the above

A

b. The sore symptomatic of syphilis

Syphilis can lead to Dementia

18
Q

Which STI is associated with the term ‘Tropical Syndromes’

a. Chlamydia Trachomatis
b. N. gonnorhoea
c. Syphilis
d. Chanchroid and Donovanosis

A

D. Chanchroid and Donovanosis

Chanchroidcauses acute multiple tender ulcers in the genital area as well as inflammation of the draining lymph nodes in the groin

19
Q

Which STI is associated with a number of severe complications such as urinary retention, sacral neuralgia, transverse myelitis and encephalitis?

a. Chlamydia
b. HSV
c. Syphilis
d. HPV

A

b. HSV

20
Q

A symptom of HSV includes

A. Tingling or burning in the genital area
B. Painful blisters in the genital area
C. A and B
D. None of the above

A

C. A and B

The blisters or sores in the genital area usually go away within 2 to 3 weeks, The sores or blisters may come back from time to time.

A tingling or burning in the legs, buttocks, or genital area usually happens just before the blisters show up.

Medicines are available to treat the symptoms of genital herpes. But these medicines don’t get rid of the virus. Other STDs caused by viruses also have no cure.

21
Q

Syphilis can occur is four stages, called?

A. Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
B. Primary, secondary, latent, tertiary.
C. Prime, sec, third, fourth.
D. Primary, section, tricycle, fourth

A

B. Primary, Secondary, Latent and Tertiary

22
Q

How is Hepatitis A transmitted sexually?

A. Vaginal Secretions
B. Semen
C. Anal Penetration
D. Anilingus (Fecal - Oral)

A

D. D. Anilingus (Fecal - Oral)

Direct oral-anal contact or contact with fingers or objects that have been in or near the anus of an infected person.

23
Q

How is Hepatitis B transmitted sexually?

A. Vaginal Secretions and Semen
B. Anal Sex
C. Oral Sex
D. All the above

A

D. All the above

People can become infected with the virus from: Birth or Sex with an infected partner

24
Q

How is Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) transmitted Sexually?

A. Penetration Sex with people with cuts and ulcerations
B. Oral to Fecal route
C. Vaginal secretion and Semen
D. None of the above

A

A. Penetration Sex with people with cuts and ulcerations

HCV is spread through contact with an infected person’s blood – which may be present because of genital sores or cuts or menstruation.

25
Q

Which of these is a symptom of HIV infection?

A. Swollen lymph nodes
B. Fever
C. Tiredness
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

Severe symptoms like rapid weight loss or chronic infections usually don’t appear for years, if at all. Even if you don’t have any symptoms, you can still infect other people.

26
Q

The risk for AIDS is tied to behaviors. Which of these behaviors can put you at risk?

A. Spending time with someone who has AIDS
B. Not wearing latex condoms during sex
C. Injecting drugs
D. B and C

A

D. B and C.

HIV is found mostly in blood, semen, or vaginal fluid. An HIV-positive person can pass the virus through unprotected sex (oral, vaginal, or anal) and through sharing needles or syringes. Women can pass the virus to their babies before birth, during birth, or through breastfeeding

27
Q

HIV attacks a certain kind of cell in the immune system. Which is it?

A. Red blood cells
B. White blood cells called T cells
C. Platelets
D. Epithelial cells

A

B. White blood cells called T cells.

HIV targets a kind of white blood cell called a CD4 positive T cell, or T4 cell. This type of cell is a key immune response cell and fighter of infections.

28
Q

Gonorrhea is treated with antibiotics. What problem has occurred recently in treatment?

A. Antibiotics have been in short supply
B. The bacteria that cause gonorrhea have become resistant to certain antibiotics
C. People have developed an allergic reaction to certain antibiotics
D. All of the above

A

B. The bacteria that cause gonorrhea have become resistant to certain antibiotics

29
Q

What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

A

PCOS is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women w/PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs

The exact cause for PCOS is unknown. Early Diagnosis and Rx along with healthy body fat levels may reduce the risk of long-term complications such as CVD and T2DM.

30
Q

What are some Signs and Symptoms of PCOS?

To be diagnosed you must possess two of the Sx and Sx!

A

Irregular Periods - Infrequent, irregular or prolonged menstrual cycles are the most common sign of PCOS.
Fewer than 9 a year, 35+ days between periods.

Excess Androgen - Elevated levels of male hormones may result in Hirsutism, acne and male pattern baldness.

Polycystic Ovaries - Ovaries might be enlarged and contain follicles that surround the eggs that have turned into multiple cysts. Thus the ovaries might fail to function regularly.

31
Q

What are the 4 causes of PCOS?

A

Excess insulin - increases androgen production, causing difficulty with ovulation

Low-Grade Inflammation - stimulates polycystic ovaries to produce androgens. which can lead to CVD

Heredity - Research hints certain genes are linked to PCOS

Excess Androgen - The ovaries produce abnormally high levels of androgen, resulting in Hirtuism and acne.

32
Q

What causes excessive Androstenedione in PCOS?

A. LH
B. FSH
C. Estradiol
D. Aromatase

A

A. LH

The Anterior Pituitary Gland releases LH which binds to the Theca cells found in ovarian follicles, causing the release of Androstenedione.

Androstenedione is typically converted into Estradiol by Aromatase (released from the Granulosa cell by FSH)

This increase in Estradiol tells the anterior pituitary gland to turn off FSH and LH production via a negative feedback loop.

When it comes to ovulation, this negative feedback of Estradiol becomes a positive loop and causes a surge in FSH and LH.

However, in PCOS there is twice the amount of LH released compared to FSH. Therefore the Theca cells produce more Androstenedione than Granulosa Cells release Aromatase, and thus Androstenedione is free to enter the blood.

Some Androstenedione is converted to Estrone by Aromatase in fat, which inhibits the FSH surge needed to trigger the dominant follicle to break away from the ovary. Thus the follicle remains as a cyst or breaks down.

Why the Anterior Pituitary gland in your body produces excessive LH is unknown.

33
Q

What is Endometriosis?

A

Endometriosis is a medical condition that occurs when the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, grows in other places, such as the Fallopian tubes, ovaries or along the pelvis. When that lining breaks down, like the regular lining in the uterus that produces the menstruation, it has nowhere to go.

34
Q

What the Sx and Sx of Endometriosis?

A
  • Chronic Fatigue and Pain
  • Infertility

4D’s

  • Dysmenorrhea (Painful Heavy Menstrual Flow)
  • Dyuria (Pain while urinating)
  • Dyschezia (Pain while pooing)
  • Dyspareunia (pain during sex)
35
Q

What is Rx for Endometriosis?

A
  • Surgical removal lesions
  • NSAIDs
  • Low Dose Oral Contraceptive Pills to prevent period.
36
Q

What some complications of PCOS?

A
  • Infertility, Miscarriage, Pre-Term Birth
  • Gestational Diabetes
  • Metabolic Disorders; T2DM, High SBP, High BGL
  • Sleep Apnoea
  • Cancer of the Uterine
  • Abnormal Uterine Bleed
37
Q

What are some Rx for PCOS?

A

Lifestyle Behaviours
- Diet, Exercise

Hormonal Control
- Birth Control

Diabetes Medication
- Metformin

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