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MED 1022 > Week 2 Sem 2 Med1022 > Flashcards

Week 2 Sem 2 Med1022 Flashcards

0
Q

Bilateral

A

On both sides of body

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1
Q

Idiopathic

A

No known cause (for disease/condition etc)

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2
Q

-Mastia

A

Havin so many breasts or mammary glands (mammary glands= milk producin glands of women/female mammals)

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3
Q

Milk line

A

Where exessive breast tissue or nipples can grow

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5
Q

Arterial supply of the breast

A

mainly 2:
internal thoracic (mammary) artery &
Lateral thoracic artery
– Posterior intercostal arteries (2nd-4th intercostal spaces only)

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6
Q

Venous drainage of breast

A

lateral thoraric vein

Internal thoracic vein

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6
Q

Axilla walls

A 
Has 4 ish walls 
Anterior wall (pectoralis major etc) 
Posterior wall (subscapularis etc)
Medial wall (chest wall
Lateral wall (optional- bicep brachii)
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7
Q

Lymphatic drainage of breast

A

Most lymph from lateral breast drains into axillary nodes
Medial breast tissue drains into parasternal lymph nodes
Inferior breast tissue can drain to subdiaphragmatic nodes (abdomen)

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8
Q

Contents of axilla

A

Axillary sheath-containing axially vein/artery n brachial plexus

Outside sheath there r lots of lymph nodes, nerves, axillary fat, biceps brachii etc

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9
Q

ACCESSORY STRUCTURES

A

structures that funnel or move (TRANSLATE) stimuli to receptor cells. they amplify, modify, channel, focus etc the stimuli.
eg Cornea, Lens, Pupil, etc. act to focus light rays on to the Retina

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10
Q

RECEPTOR CELLS

A

convert (TRANSDUCE) the physical energy of the stimuli into bioelectrical energy (Receptor or Generator potentials).
eg retina

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11
Q

RECEPTOR SURFACE

A

receptor cells not randomly dispersed around body; they r
found in discrete areas aka RECEPTOR SURFACE
eg retina is the receptor surface for vision,
e.g. body is the receptor surface for touch.

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12
Q

OUTPUT NEURONES:

A

carry (TRANSMIT) the information in the form of Action Potentials from receptor cells to CNS
e.g., the optic nerve contains output neurones from the retina

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13
Q

Generator Potential (GP) or Receptor Potential (RP)

A

when there is a change in resting membrane potential of receptor cells

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14
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

stimuli act directly on the cell membrane to affect MECHANICALLY GATED ION CHANNELS, (which then causes GP/RP)

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15
Q

All other types of receptors (apart from mechanoreceptors)

A

stimuli act on receptors to cause the activation of chemicals within the cell. these chemicals then act on CHEMICALLY GATED ION CHANNELS, (which then causes GP/RP)

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16
Q

Type 1 sensory system

A

receptors (i.e. the end of the sensory nerves) are specialized nerve endings
produce a GP
GP may cause action potential (AP) in first node of that sensory nerve

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17
Q

Type 2 sensory system

A

we have specialised receptors that produce RP
RP causes release of transmitter to sensory nerve
which then causes AP in first node of that sensory nerve

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18
Q

Type 3 sensory system

A

we have specialised receptors that produce RP
RP causes release of transmitter to intermediate cell first, which then release neurotransmitters TO sensory nerve
which then causes AP in first node of that sensory nerve

19
Q

Intensity coding -one of the “codes” used to signal a particular aspect of stimulus

(the GP/RP allows the receptor to “code” (signal) the presence of stimuli n other info about stimuli.

A

stronger the stimulus,
bigger the GP/RP
the more AP produced

or
stronger the stimulus
more receptors activated
so more AP produced

20
Q

Location coding

A

info is received in particular parts of that brain bit/area/section. i.e. different parts of that brain section is activated when different parts of body does something

21
Q

Coding of special object properties (colour, pitch)

A

each receptor is specialised to get one of the smaller bits of stimulus from the larger range of stimulus.
eg different types of photoreceptors best detect different wavelengths of light.

22
Q

Adaptation

A

decline in size of RP despite stimulus still being applied to sensory neuron

23
Q

Coding of change

A

Each sensory system has receptors/neurons that adapt at different rates- so sensory system can code for wen there is “static” or “dynamic” aspects of a stimulus

24
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CNS FUNCTION

principle of “labelled lines”

A

different types of information is carried by
different nerve pathways and goes to
different areas of the brain

25
Q

DynamicSystemsTheory

A

the idea that motor development involves many distinct skills that r organised n reorganised over time to meet demands of specific tasks

26
Q

Influence on Prenatal Development

General Risk Factors

A

nutrition (Inadequate maternal nutrition may result in premature birth and low birth weight)
stress
mother’s age

27
Q

safest option during pregnancy

A

no alcohol

28
Q

newborn reflexes

A

have survival implications,
appeartobeprecursorsfor later voluntary motor behaviour
reflect health of the child’s nervous system

29
Q

Assessing the Newborn

A

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

The Apgar Index
- Appearance (Skin tone) 
–Pulse (Heart rate) 
–Grimace (Reflexes) 
–Activity (Muscle tone) 
–Respiration (Breathing effort)
30
Q

temperament (person’s nature)

A

temperament tends to be stable throughout infancy and the toddler years

31
Q

Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

A

GeneticCounselling
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling

32
Q

Babinski

A

newborn reflex

baby’s toes fan out when sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe

33
Q

palmar

A

newborn reflex

baby grasps an object placed in its hand

34
Q 
Sensorimotor period (0-2yrs) 
Part of jean piagets cognitive development theory)
A

Uses senses n motor skills to understand world

Learns object permanence (ie object still exists even wen it’s out of view)

35
Q 
Preoperational period (2-7yrs) 
(Piagets thingy)
A

Kid uses symbolic thinking (numbers n lang) to understand the world

Child perceives the world in terms of self

Major gains-imagination flourishes

36
Q

Concrete operational period (7-11 yrs)

Piagets thingy

A

Child understands logical principles

Able to interpret experiences objectively + rationally rather than intuitively

37
Q

Formal operational period (11 yrs +)

Piagets thingy

A

Able to fink about abstractions n hypothetical concepts

38
Q

Memory development

A

Begins at birth

Newborns show habituation to stimuli but memories only last a fee seconds

By 5 mnths-there wil b memory pf faces that last up to 3 mnths

By 2 yrs-kid has complex n durable memory

39
Q

Metamemory

A

Knowledge of memory n how to improve one’s memory

40
Q

Speech development

A

By 1st mnth- can distinguish sounds

By 1st birthday- first words said.

By 18 mnths- can do 2 word sentences n turntaking.
Vocab then expands, gradual increase in sentence proficiency

By 2 yrs= few hundred words

By 6 yrs = 10,000 words

41
Q

Fast mapping

A

Kids learn meaning of new words by this.

Fast mapping =connecting new words to referents so rapidly that all possible meaning for the new word could not hav been considered

42
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Refers to difference bw a child’s performance wit n without proficient help

43
Q

Theory of mind

A

Coherent understanding of mental states. By age 4, firm grasp of how thoughts/beliefs shape actions

44
Q

Carey’s conceptual change theory

A

More concentrated on role of EXPERIENCE in cognitive development

45
Q

Key concept of piaget

A

Knowledge is constructed through action of the learner
Assimilation= new info is assimilated into something already known
Accommodation= modify previous understanding

MED 1022 (16 decks)

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