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MED 1022 > Week 1 sem 2 med1022 > Flashcards

Week 1 sem 2 med1022 Flashcards

0
Q

Angle

A

Corner

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1
Q

Border

A

Edge

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2
Q

Tubercle

A

Small round projection

Small process

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3
Q

Process

A

Sticky out bit

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4
Q

Spine

A

‘Sharp’ pointy projection

Thornlike process

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5
Q

Fossa

A

Depression or hollow

Eg cubital fossa

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6
Q

Cavity

A

Empty space

Eg abdominal cavity

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7
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rounded prominence on bone

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8
Q

Condyle

A

Convex part of joint surface
(Upside down U’

Round prominence at the end of a bone, where it articulates wit another bone

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9
Q

Cotyle

A

Cuplike shaped on end of bone wit articulation wit another bone (ie at joints)

U shaped

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10
Q

Joints of upper limb

A 
Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular 
Glenohumeral 
Humeralulna
Humeralradial
Proximal radioulna
Distal radioulna
Radiocarpal 
Inter-carpal
Carpal-metacarpal
Intermetacarpal (3)
Metacarpal-phalangeal (5)
Inter-phalangeal (9)
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11
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull
Sternum
Rib cage
Spinal column

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12
Q

3 spaces in upper limb

A

Axilla
Cubital fossa
Carpal tunnel

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13
Q

Component of synovial joints

A

Bones + hyaline cartilage on articular surface
Synovial membrane + fluid
Joint capsule ligaments
Accessory ligaments
Intra-articular disc (sometimes)
Menisci (like intra-articular disc, in knee)
Tendon (only in shoulder at glenohumeral joint)

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14
Q

Coracoclavicular ligaments

A

Accessory ligaments bw clavicle n scapula

Very strong

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15
Q

6 types of joints mechanically

A 
Spheroidal 
Hinge
Ellipsoid
Saddle
Pivot
Plain
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16
Q

Tubercles, ridges, small fossa

A

Allow for ligament attachment

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17
Q

Fossa, spine, thickened borders

A

Allow for muscle attachment

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18
Q

Spatial summation

A

Pattern formation of limbs relies heavily on this

= the right precursor cells being precisely located at the right embryological stage

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19
Q

Reduction(mutation) of limb-patterning genes

A

Amelia=Absence of whole limb
Meromelia=absence of part of a limb
Hemimelia= absence of all/part/stunting of the DISTAL half of arm/leg
Adactyly-absence of all digits on limb

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20
Q

Duplication (mutation) of limb-patterning genes

A

Polydactyl= presence of extra digits or parts of digits

21
Q

Dysplasia (malformation of limbs)

A 
Phacomelia= short/ill-formed limbs? 
Syndactyl= digit fusion
22
Q

Teratogen

A

Something that causes birth defects/malformation of embryo

Eg warfarin, Thalidomide, alcohol

23
Q

Teratogen

A

Something that causes birth defects/malformation of embryo
Eg warfarin, Thalidomide, alcohol, aspirin, caffeine, marijuana/cocaine etc
Eg Lead, Mercury, polychlorinated biphenols

24
Q

Recurring issues in human development

A

Nature vs nurture (nurture=environment, upbringing, education etc)
Continuity vs discontinuity
Universal vs context-specific development

25
Q

The Biopsychosocial Framework

A
  1. Biological forces (genetic n health related forces that affect development)
  2. Psychological forces (anythin to do wit mind- cognitive, emotion, personality, perception)
  3. Sociocultural Forces (interpersonal, societal n cultural factors that affect development)
26
Q

The Biopsychosocial Framework-

Life-Cycle Forces

A

Reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages.
eg Impact of Alzheimer’s disease on 50 year old versus 85 year old.

27
Q

Freud -Psychodynamic

A

Human behaviour largely governed by motives and drives that are internal and often unconscious

development occurs in stages

5 Stages of Psychosexual Development (e.g. 0-1 =weaning)

28
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory-Psychodynamic

A

8 stages

e.g. basic trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame
industry n inferiority (learning basic skills n working with others)

29
Q

Jean Paiget’s cognitive development theory

A

4 stages

  1. learning by senses
  2. pre operational thought (learning bout words n numbers)
  3. concrete operational thought (developing logic)
  4. Formal operational thought (being able to think hypothetically)

also the children’s naive theories

30
Q

life-span perspective

Paul Baltes

A

focus on later yrs of life
eg vocab n wisdom improves

4 key features 
Multi-directionality
Plasticity
Historical context
Multiple causation
31
Q

Selective Optimization with Compensation Model

A

3 processes

  1. selection-choosing a goal/task
  2. compensation (alternative method of achieving goal
  3. optimisation (=make the best of the situation, balance resources, goals etc )
32
Q

ALARA

Principle for radiography

A

= as low as reasonably achievable

Justification-benefit must out weigh risk
Optimisation- quality of image must be optimised wit the lowest practicable dose
Time-time of exposure short as possible
Distance-as large a distance bw the source of radiation n the exposed person as possible
Shielding-where appropriate shieldin is used bw the source of radiation n the exposed person

33
Q

Collimation

A

Do accurate alignment of x ray beam to region of interest (ROI)
(To reduce radiation hazard to patient

34
Q

Key message for radiography

A

Always dont just rely on one view

Consider other things like angle, distance of patient to machine cos will affect projection (ie the closer the patient, the bigger the magnification)

The denser the tissue- the nicer the Xray eg bone

Xray can hav harmful side effects
(Lymphocytes, spermatogenia (undifferentiated male germ cell), immature RBC (erythroblast), intestinal crypt have high radio sensitivities
Muscle n nerve cells = low sensitivity

35
Q

Radiograph (X-RAY)

A

Image on part of body of patient using general radiographic equipment

36
Q

Radiographic projection

A

Positioning term describin the path of the xray beam, its entrance n exit pnts eg anterior, posterior, lateral, oblique

37
Q

Radiographic position

A

The position of the patient eg supine( person lyin upwards) or prone (lyin flat, face downwards

38
Q

Attenuation

A

Process of absorption n scatterin of the x ray beam, reducing the intensity of the beam. (Wat is left of the beam = ‘remnant beam’

39
Q

Process for xray

A

Basically in machine we hav anode n cathode,
Cathode releases electrons wich r attracted n go to anode. This releases photons of E.
Photons of E go through body- bits that r not absorbed by body = black on film. Bits that r absorbed= white eg bone

40
Q

Origin

A

The muscle’s fixed or proximal (proximal= nearer to center of body or point of attachment) attachment

41
Q

Insertion

A

The muscle’s movable or distal attachment

42
Q

Radioluscent

A

Very dark on xray

43
Q

Radio-opaque/radiopaque

A

Very light/bright on xray

44
Q

Xray

A

All info compressed to one ‘slice’

45
Q

Tomography

A

Just takes one ‘slice’ of body (only has info for that ‘slice’, unlike xray)

Eg CT, MRI

46
Q

MRI

A

Measures response of hydrogen nuclei spin in body to strong electro-magnetic pulse

2 types: T1 and T2

47
Q

T1

A

Fat= bright

Fluid, air, muscle= dark

48
Q

T2

A

Fat, fluid (brightest) = bright

Air, bone= dark

49
Q

General principles of radiographic porisiton

A

General, min of 2 projections (a AP/PA (anterior to posterior) n lateral)

But for joints, need 3 projections (oblique + 2 above)

50
Q

For long bones

A

Dont accept images witout joints

51
Q

limb embryology stages

A 
1.	By end of 4th week: 
•	Upper limb buds (but not lower)
2.	In week 5: 
•	Lower limb bud
3.	In week 6: 
•	Digits rays in hands n feet
4.	In week 7: 
•	Ossification begins 
5.	In week 8:
•	Arms bent at elbow
•	Fingers separate

MED 1022 (16 decks)

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