Week 2 (Roman Beginnings & the Early Roman Republic) Flashcards
- Ancient Rome assimilated both population and _______ from its neighbors, creating a _____-cultural society.
- Villanovan culture in northern Italy was superseded by the ________ civilization
culture
multi-cultural
Etruscan
- Etruscans did ___ form a unified nation, but consisted of independent cities, each city ruled initially by a lucumo (____) supported by a warrior aristocracy
- Etruscan economy was based on trade and manufacturing (esp. metalworks), most notably with ______.
- Religion based on divination, particularly signs received from the gods (ex. haruspicy - inspecting the entrails of sacrificed _______).
- The Etruscans expanded south across the _____ River in the late _th century BC, coming into conflict with the ______ of southern Italy; also expanded into the __ River valley of northern Italy.
not, king
Greece
animals
Tiber, 7th, Greeks, Po
- By 400 BC, the _____ from across the Alps in Gaul (modern ______) forced the Etruscans out of the Po Valley, becoming Cisalpine Gaul.
- The cities of mainland and Ionian ______ established several colonies on the southern Italian coast (ex. Naples), others on the coasts of Sicily (ex. ________), exposing the early Romans to many aspects of Greek culture.
Celts, France
Greece, Syracuse
- Rome was founded in ___ BC, first ruled by _____, but was replaced by the Roman ________ in 509 BC with the last expulsion of an Etruscan king.
- According to archaeological evidence, the first settlements of Rome were modest, becoming urbanized with the occupation of the _________ c. 600 BC.
753, kings, Republic
Etruscans
Early Roman Society
- mos maiorum “ways of our ancestors” reflect the ____________ character of the Romans.
- ________ the idealized portraiture of the Greeks, preferring a realistic style
- Two social classes: __________ (aristocrats) and the _________ (mainly peasant farmers)
- The pater (______) of the family had strict authority over the household
- All women were under the manus (legal __________) of some man except for the six Vestal Virgins
conservative
rejected
patricians and the plebians
father
authority
Early Roman Society Continued
- Emphasis on reciprocal duty (i.e. repaying someone a favor)
- System of clientela: patron (usually a patrician) and client (usually plebians) render mutual ________ to each other (ex. patrician providing economic support, in return gaining an entourage to accompany him off at war).
- the clientela system was designed to maintain the ______ ___
services
status quo
- Pontifex Maximus: title of the chief ______ that oversaw the religious practices of Rome, supervising the Vestal Virgins and other state priests.
- Annual festivals held that celebrated many of the gods (ex. the Lupercalia on February 15th in honor of Juno)
- Adoption of ________ divination practices (e.g. haruspices, auspices)
- The Roman calendar established which days of the year in which public ________ could be carried out (“fas” or “nefas”/ “lawful” or “unlawful”)
priest
Etruscan
business
The Early Roman Republic (509-350 BC)
- The earliest government in the Roman Republic was an ____________.
- Administration was based on collegiality: no office was overseen by ___ person. ___ Consuls were elected each year, with the powers of imperium (supreme executive power), oversee administration of justice, and name new senators. The Consuls were accompanied by ______ Lictors. Originally, the Quaestors assisted the Consuls in enforcing laws, later becoming overseers of financial matters.
- A ________ could be appointed in times of emergency, but could no serve longer than six months.
aristocracy
one, Two, twelve
dictator
The Early Roman Republic Continued
- Citizenship & Social Organization: Freed ______ became endowed with full Roman citizen rights. The entire populus was organized into three tribes: the Ramnes (Romans), Tities (Italians), and Luceres (Etruscans). Each tribe consisted of ten curiae (_____), made up of gentes (extended families).
- Roman men bore a first name, gens name, and a ______ name (ex. Gaius Julius Caesar). Women bore a gentilic name, and iteration number (ex. Julia Secunda).
- All thirty curiae organized into the Curiate Assembly, the sovereign political body of the Roman state, with each clans receiving ___ vote. However, the assembly could only consider motions previously approved by the Senate (consisting of 300 patricians).
slaves, clans
family
one
Conflict of the Orders (500-287 BC)
- period of nonviolent domestic unrest, in which the _________ attempted to obtain expanded rights.
- Servian Reforms (c. early 5 cent. BC): allowed the wealthiest plebians to serve in the ____; only Romans able to afford their own weaponry were allowed in.
- The Roman citizen body was divided into 193 units, called “_________”, that were distributed among different classes based on wealth. The highest ranked were the equestrians, followed by class i, until reaching the lowest ranked (but largest group), the proletariate.
- From the new citizenry came the Centuriate Assembly, which assumed some of the duties of the Curiate Assembly, such as declaring war and electing the _______.
plebians
army
“centuries”
Consuls
Conflict of the Orders Continued
- The Plebians also founded the Council of the Plebs, organized into __ geographical tribes, each tribe having one vote. The Council issued plebiscites (pronouncements) only binding to the plebeians.
- Defending the interests of the plebeians were the ten elected ________, who appropriated the authority to say “____” if the patricians went against plebeian interests.
- Early plebeian demand was to know the ____, which were recorded by the Decemvirs with the ______ _______ of Roman law in 450 BC.
- However, permitting laws (ex. debtors sold into slavery) and new laws (prohibited ________ between patricians and plebeians) led to plebeian secession.
20
Tribunes, “veto”
laws, Twelve Tables
marriage
Conflict of the Orders Continued
- After plebeian secession, the patricians passed the Valerio-Horatian Laws, which included the creation of the Council of the ______ (including all citizens unlike the Council of the Plebs).
- Canuleian Law (445 BC): repealed the ban on _____________ between patricians and plebeians.
- The patricians abolished the consulate in 444 BC, replacing it with the office of Military Tribune (including consular powers).
- Creation of a new official, the ______, in which only patricians were chosen.
- Licinio-Sextian Law (367 BC): restored the _________, with one of the Consuls being a plebeian.
- Hortensian Law (287 BC): gave the plebiscites independent authority binding on the whole state without need of Senate approval.
People
intermarriage
Censor
Roman Law
- Romans believed in the concept of “rule of law”, in which ________ in Roman society was subject.
- Urban _______: administered Roman private law, developing formulae (legal forms) that embodied the private law of the Twelve Tables. Trials were decided by one judge, with no appeal.
everyone
Praetor
-The Gallic sack of Rome occured in ___ BC, leading to the the abandonment of the phalanx for the maniples formation, and creation of the _______ Wall from future foreign invasions.
- It would take nearly half a century for Rome to recover its strength.
390, Servian
In Class Notes
- Urbanization across Italy 9th-7th cent. BC: several cultural & ethnic groups (_________, western _______, ______ peoples)
- Etruscans were locked across ________ Italy (Etruria): twelve major independent cities ruled by aristocrats
- Elite _____ evidence for Etruscan funerary customs and beliefs
- Etruria was rich in ______; Etruscans believed in divination (ex. Etruscan bronze Chimera early 4th cent. BC, Piacenza Liver 3rd cent. BC)
- Peak of Etruscan prosperity: 7th-late 6th cent. BC
Etruscans, western Greeks, Italic peoples
northern
tombs
metals
