Week 7 (First Roman Emperor Augustus, Augustan Art & Architecture) Flashcards
Octavian
- Comitia Centuriata confirms adoption (from Caesar’s will)
- friend of the _________: awards money to 300 households from personal funds
- gives games in Caesar’s honor and declares Caesar a god
- Senate supports Brutus & Cassius: Octavian marches on Rome, becomes ______
plebeians
consul
The Second Triumvirate (43-31 BC)
- Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus form the second triumvirate with confirmation by the ___________ _________
- Goal: Defeat Brutus & Cassius in Macedonia; launch proscriptions in Rome (ex. Cicero)
- Octavian & Antony defeat Brutus & Cassius at the Battle of _________ (42 BC)
- Antony goes East, Lepidus controls Spain & ______, Octavian oversees Italy, Gaul, and Dalmatia
- Octavian is tasked with granting ____ for 50,000-60,000 veterans, faced with food shortage (caused by the pirate king Sextus ______)
Centuriate Assembly
Philippi
Africa
land, Pompey
The Second Triumvirate Continued
- Perusine War (41 BC): Lucius Antonius & Antony’s wife ______ start revolt: defeated by Agrippa
- Octavian presents himself as Imperator Caesar Divi FIlius
- Second Triumvirate reaffirmed by the Treaty of Brundisium (40 BC): empire split east and west between Octavian and Antony, Lepidus controls N Africa
- Antony attempts war against _______, and establishes alliance with Cleopatra VII in the east
- Donation of Alexandria (34 BC): Antony names Cleopatra queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Cyrene, and parts of Syria (________ spins it to the Roman public: Antony is selling out the Romans)
- Antony’s consulship is revoked, and property confiscated (31 BC)
- Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at ______ (31 BC), defeated in Egypt before committing suicide (30 BC)
Fulvia
Parthia
Octavian
Actium
“First Settlement” (31-27 BC)
- Octavian becomes ______ every with alongside a colleague, holds imperium over most strategic provinces with most legions, given the special title of ________ (as well as censor and princeps senatus)
- Roman imperial government = the __________ (leadership of the first citizen)
- “Second Settlement” of 21 BC: Augustus’ consulship replaced with imperium proconsulare maius (supreme ________ command) and tribunicia potestas (powers of a tribune)
- Additional political changes: _ total consuls (consuls and suffect consuls), Augustus becomes pontifex maximus (12 BC), declared pater patriae (2 BC), nominates or directly appoints ___________
consul, Augustus
Principate
military
4, magistrates
New Ideology of Empire
- ________________ as mare nostrum (“ our sea”), idea that Rome and Italy’s future is bound to the future of life in the provinces, emperor acting as the symbolic head of the empire)
- Legati Augusti: equestrian provincial officials (prefects, procurators) are chosen by the _______, regular provincial censuses are taken
- Augustus goal: consolidate the empire’s _______: reach agreement with Parthia (20 BC), conquest of _____ complete in 13 BC, expansion to the _____ River in Germania (disastrous loss of 3 roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest 9 BC)
- Establishment of 80 new veteran colonies, army reforms (60 legions replaced by __), salary instead of land given for service
Mediterranean
emperor
borders, Spain, Rhine
25
Augustan Art & Architecture
- Standardized portraits of Augustus and the imperial family in the _____-style idealized naturalism (instead of verism)
- Ex. Prima Porta Augustus, Augustus as pontifex maximus, _____ as Ceres (Augustus’ wife), _____ (Augustus’ daughter)
Greek
Livia, Julia
Augustan Art & Architecture Continued
- Augustus follows the model of traditional elite Roman euergetism (practice of high-status and wealthy individuals in society distributing part of their wealth to the community)
- Augustus renovates the Temples of ______, _____ and ______, and Vesta
- new Temple of Divine _______ ______
- finishes the Forum Julium, and creates the Forum of Augustus (Corinthian colonnaded rectangular space with the Temple of ____ _____ (the Avenger))
- Forum of Augustus: includes the Algiers Relief, use of __________ (columns of maidens), statues of famous Julian family members + Roman heroes
Saturn, Castor and Pollux
Julius Caesar
Mars Ultor
caryatids
Augustan Art & Architecture Continued
- Creation of the Horlogium (altar/ first solar dedication in Rome) & the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) c. 13-9 BC
- Ara Pacis: affirmation of Rome’s mythical origins (Romulus + Remus and Mars looking on, Aeneas offering sacrifice, Roma sitting on pile of armor) as well as a procession of the imperial family
- Other Projects: Baths of _______ (25 BC), Theater of _________ (c. 13-11 BC), House of Augustus (c. 30-25 BC) on ________ Hill, Mausoleum of Augustus (c. 23 BC), Maison Caree (4-10 AD) dedicated to _____ and ______ Caesar (Augustus’ grandsons), Pont du Gard (three-story bridge supporting an aqueduct
Agrippa, Marcellus, Palatine, Gaius and Lucius
