Week 5 (Marius v. Sulla, Roman Army, Slavery & Spartacus)

Question 1

• Three threats in the late 2nd cent. BC: migration of the _____ (Cimbri and Teutones), into S Gaul and N Italy in 113 BC
  
  • Repeated Roman military ______
• War in _______ vs. King Jugurtha beg. 111 BC; slave revolt in ______ beg. 104 BC
• Gaius Marius = equestrian war hero, prior legate in Numidia, Consul in 107 BC, gains command in Numidia through the _________ ______
  
  • raises army of landless plebeians & assumes responsibility for their payment; plebeians beginning to fight for _________, not the state.

Answer 1

Celts
defeats
Numidia, Sicily
Concilium Plebis
generals

Question 2

• Legate L. Cornelius _____ arranges Jugurtha’s defeat (106 BC)
• Marius defeats the Cimbri, Teutones, Tigurini in Gaul (102 BC), Teutones in Italy (101 BC)
• Manius Aquillius squashes the ________ slave revolt (100 BC)
• Gaius Marius: tradition defying (ex. elected ______ multiple times, fixed military eligibility problem outside of Roman law)
• Marius’ allied _________ freely use violence, Senate declares senatus consultum ultimum

Answer 2

Sulla
Sicilian
consul
tribunes

Question 3

The Social War (__-__ BC)
- Increasing dissatisfaction among Italian allies: non-citizen Italians are ________ from Rome (95 BC), Ally tribune Drusus proposes Italian citizenship 91 BC, murdered
- Julian + Plautian Papirian Law inaugurated, revolt ends (Samnites hold out); Roman citizenship is established throughout Italy
- Civil War (__-__ BC): revolt in Asia, King Mithridates VI of Pontus _______ Asia, kills thousands. _____ is elected to defeat Mithridates, raises an army of landless plebeians; however, ______ gets command through allied tribunes + Concilium Plebis. In retaliation, _____ marches on Rome with his army, expels ______, and executes key Marians.

Answer 3

90-88 BC
expelled
88-82 BC, invades
Sulla, Marius (x2)

Question 4

-Marius retakes Rome (87 BC); Sulla defeats Mithridates (83 BC) and retakes Rome again (proscriptions of senatorial opponents).
- Sulla becomes ________ for “restoring the Republic” and institutes optimate reforms (ex. reduce power of the _________ by outlawing their veto power, bolstering the numbers of the ______, every bill must be approved by the ______, Senatorial judges for the _________ Court.

Answer 4

dictator, tribunes, Senate (x2), Extortion

Question 5

Roman Army
- Originally, only included all adult, ____ Roman citizen __________, with equipment determined by wealth status.
- Armies were drafted for particular wars (no _________ army), usual 6 year service length
- Auxiliaries: ___-citizen allied troops >= the size of Roman armies
- Military Leadership: one _________ per century (experienced enlisted soldiers), 6 military tribunes for the 10 cohorts (young equestrian/senatorial men), one Legate per legion (young senator chosen by the governor)
- Besides fighting, a main duty of a Roman soldier was to _____ (i.e. military camps (castra)

Answer 5

male, landowners
standing
non-citizen
Centurion
build

Question 6

Roman Army Continued
- Emphasis on infantry working together and obeying orders.
- standard bearers were highly __________ (leading the formation, exhibiting bravery); standards were also an object of _______ (very sacred), the symbol of an _____ became the image of the standard by the time of Marius
- Discipline was strictly enforced in the Roman military through fines, property confiscation, flogging, and even death. Large-scale disobedience resulted in __________ (punishment where 1/10th of legion is bludgeoned)
- Devotion to duty highly celebrated (ex. golden _____ given to first to scale wall of besieged town, drinking bowl given for stripping dead enemy of his armor)

Answer 6

respected, worship, eagle
decimation
crown