Week 3 (Early Rome's Neighbors and the Roman Republic's Wars of Expansion)

Question 1

• Twelve Tables: laws and trials/suits are the responsibility of the _______ involved; punishments by death (ex. patricide); concerned with maintaining social hierarchy and preserving _____ (ex. law against libel and slander); honoring property rights; fines in money or property
• Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill = dedicated to Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva), begun construction under Tarquinius Superbus, became symbol of Roman Republic

Answer 1

parties

Question 2

• Lars Porsenna with Tarquinii family try retaking Rome (___ BC): Gaius Mucius Scaevola (“Lefty”) places hand in fire, scares away Porsenna
• Aequi trap Roman army (458 BC): ___________ takes over as ________ twice
• Gallic Sack of Rome (___ BC): migrating Gauls capture, plunder, and burn Rome, Marcus Furius Camillus restores the city

Answer 2

508 BC
Cincinnatus, dictator
390 BC

Question 3

Hallstatt Culture (aka Celts/____ culture)
- lower Danube River c. 800 BC, spread westward into 6th cent. BC
- La Tene Culture: from the Hallstatt culture around Switzerland, continued spreading into the 2nd cent. BC
- Term originated from Greek word “Keltoi”: Gauls = well known Celts in area of modern day ______
- Characteristics: “________” (warlike behavior), druids, polytheistic, prized metalwork, traders, known for torques, ______ relatively involved in public life, smaller/hilltop settlements

Answer 3

Celts/Gauls
France
“barbaric”, women

Question 4

Carthaginians
- Founded late 9th cent. BC by the ____________ (modern day Lebanon)
- c. 800-600 BC: becomes wealthy trade hub, independent from city Tyre
- Large, mixed population, variety of trade goods and far-reaching trade partners
- Characteristics: seafarers, skilled in ___________, respected form of government by the ______ (Republic, constitution), polytheistic (same gods as their founders), “Tophet” worship site (site of ____ burials)
- 5th cent. BC: Carthage establishes political control over neighboring Phoenician colonies; most African neighbors were ___________ allies of the Carthaginians, except for the Berbers who were taxed. By 400 BC, Carthaginian colonies had been established in Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta, and Sicily

Answer 4

Phoenicians
agriculture, Greeks, child
independent

Question 5

Roman warfare = _________ aggressive (reluctant to claim direct administrative control); close reliance on conquered allies for ________ support (manpower)
- Senate granted most successful generals a _______ (ritual procession)
- Confiscated ager publicus (public ____ often awarded to veterans) for colonies

Answer 5

defensive, military
triumph
land

Question 6

Wars in Italy (___-___ BC)
- Three Samnite Wars & The Great Latin Revolt: resulted in control of all but Southern Italy, Latins gain Roman ___________ (ius Latinum/could not be magistrates unless moved to Rome), other Italic peoples become socii (______) but given no special rights, all allies contributed to the Roman army, beginning of the Roman road network (the ______ Way in 312 BC)
- Pyrrhic War (280-275 BC): Tarentum attacks Roman ship, Rome retaliates, Pyrrhus from ______ supports Tarentum. Rome takes control of S Italy by 268 BC

Answer 6

343-268 BC
citizenship, allies, Appian
Epirus

Question 7

Punic Wars (___-___; ___-___; ___-___ BC)
- Messana requests Carthaginian protection against Syracuse, but Carthaginians don’t leave; Consul-elect ______ Claudius Pulcher convinces the Centuriate Assembly to go to war
- Romans build a navy by reverse engineering a ____________ ship, employing corvus (gang planks)
- Effects of 1st Punic War: Carthage forced to pay war __________, Rome claims first province in 227 BC (______), Corsica & Sardinia second province

Answer 7

264-241, 218-201, 149-146 BC
Appius
Carthaginian
indemnity, Sicily

Question 8

Punic Wars Continued
- Second Punic War: Hamilcar _____ rebuilds the Carthaginian army in Spain
- His son ________ besieges Saguntum in S Spain (219 BC), Saguntum asks for Roman help instigating war
- Hannibal crosses over the Alps with the Celtiberians, Numidians, and 17 elephants
- Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator = Roman Dictator (delays engaging with Hannibal in combat, allowing Rome to recover)
- Battle of ______ (216 BC): overwhelming loss after Roman impatience
- Roman’s rebound: attack Syracuse and Carthaginian army in Spain
- Publius Cornelius Scipio: Aedile turned proconsul that defeated the Carthaginians in Spain (206 BC), N Africa after allying with King Masinissa of the Numidians (205 BC), defeating Hannibal at the Battle of ____ (201 BC)
- Effects: Carthaginian ____ crippled, banned from defending itself without Roman consent

Answer 8

Barca
Hannibal
Cannae
Zama
navy

Question 9

Third Punic War: M. Porcius Cato “Carthago delenda est” (Carthage must be destroyed); Carthage violates treaty (defends itself; Scipio Aemilianus reduces Carthage to ruined village
- Carthage becomes a Roman ________ of Africa

Answer 9

province