Week 2: Psychosocial Theories and Therapy Flashcards
What is the 6 psychosocial theories?
- Psychoanalytic (Freud)
- Developmental (Erikson, Piaget)
- Interpersonal (Sullivan, Peplau)
- Humanistic (Maslow, Rogers)
- Behavioural (Pavlov, Skinner)
- Existential (Beck, Ellis, Frankl, Perls, Glasser)
What is the psychoanalytic theory(personality)?
- Developed in the 19th-early 20th century by Sigmund Freud
- Supports the notion that all human behaviour is caused and explainable
- Believed that repressed sexual impulses, desires motivate much of the human behaviour
What is “hysterical” based on Freud’s theory?
- no physiological basis
- women who displayed unusual behaviours such as disturbance of sight and speech, inability to eat, and paralysis of limbs
- Resulted from childhood trauma or failure to complete tasks of psychosocial development
What is Freuds 3 personality components?
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
What is the Id? (Freud)
-Seeks instant gratification, causing impulsive unthinking behaviour, and has no regard for rules or social convention
- One’s nature that reflects basic or innate desires such as pleasure seeking behaviours, aggression, and sexual impulses
- Pleasure system (reacts head on and right away to basic urges, needs, and desires.)
What is the ego? (Freud)
- Decision making component of personality that has been influenced by the world
- Represents mature and adaptive behaviour that allows a person to function successfully in the world
- Strong ego= strong sense of self-awareness
What is the superego? (Freud)
- Moral conscience (values and morals that they have learned growing up and in society)
- superego function is to control the id’s impulses and ego’s moralistic goals rather than simple ones
- Emerge around age five
What is the psychoanalytic theory(behaviour)?
- Behaviour is motivated by subconscious thoughts and feelings
- Consists of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
What is conscious mind?
- Exists in person’s awareness
- It is everything that we are mentally and physically aware of
What is preconscious mind?
- Can be recalled with effort
- thoughts, feelings, and memories that can be and will be pulled into the conscious thoughts straightforwardly without any troubles.
What is the unconscious mind?
- Motivates people even though we are totally unaware of them
- No one knows what is stored here. It is believed that everything that is stored here is all the things a person is refusing to acknowledge for either if it is for personal reasons or something that terrifies them.
- Traumatic events that are too painful are stored here
What is a dream analysis?
Believed that a person’s dreams reflect their subconscious
What is a Freudian slip?
- “slip of the tongue”
- What we say or do is motivated by preconscious or unconscious
What is the psychoanalytic theory(Psychosexual)?
Stages of development
What is the oral psychosexual stages of development?
0-1 year old
- children derive pleasure from oral activities, including sucking and tasting. they like to put things into their mouth
What is the anal psychosexual stages of development?
2-3 years old
- Children begin potty training
What is the phallic psychosexual stages of development?
3-6 years old
- boys are more attracted to their mother while girls are more attracted to their father
What is the latency psychosexual stages of development?
6 years old to puberty
- Children spend more time and interact mostly with same sex peers
What is the genital psychosexual stages of development?
Beyond puberty
- Individuals are attracted to opposite sex peers
What is Erik Erkisons developmental theory?
- Eight psychosocial stages of development
What is Jean Piagets developmental theory?
- Cognitive, intellectual development
- Four stages:
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
What is trust vs mistrust developmental theory (Erik)?
infant to 18 months
- if needs are met, infants develop trust
What is autonomy vs shame/doubt developmental theory (Erik)?
18 months to 3 years
- if needs are met, toddlers learn to exercise and nothings for themselves or they will doubt themselves
What is initiative vs guilt developmental theory (Erik)?
3-5 years
- preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
What is industry vs inferiority developmental theory (Erik)?
5-13 years
- children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
What is identity vs confusion developmental theory (Erik)?
13-21 years
- teenagers work at refining sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity or they become confused about who they are
What is intimacy vs isolation developmental theory (Erik)?
21-39 years
- young adult struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel socially isolated
What is generatively vs stagnation developmental theory (Erik)?
40-65 years
- middle aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work or they may feel a lack of purpose
What is integrity vs despair developmental theory (Erik)?
65 + years
- when reflecting on life the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
What is sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s stage of development?
0-2 years
- differentiates self from objects
- begins to act intentionally
- Achieves object permanence: realize things still exist even when they no longer present to the sense
What is pre-operational stage in Piaget’s stage of development?
2-7 years
- learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words
- Thinking is still egocentric: difficulty seeing the view of others
- classifies objects by a single features: can separate blocks by color
What is concrete operational stage in Piaget’s stage of development?
7-11 years
- can think logically about objects and events
- Achieves conservation of number, mass, and weight
- Classifies objects by several features and can order them in series along a single dimension
What is formal operational stage in Piaget’s stage of development?
11 years +
- Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically
- Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems
What is Harry Sullivans interpersonal theories?
- Extended the theory of personality development to include the significance of interpersonal relationships
- inadequate or non-satisfying relationships produce anxiety which he saw was a basis for all emotional problems
Five life stages: infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, adolescence
What is Milieu therapy?
Pt interact with one another, including practicing interpersonal relationship skills, giving one another feedback about behaviours, and working cooperatively as a group to solve day-to-day problems
- was a primary method of treatment but now stays are too short
What is Hildegard Peplau interpersonal theories?
Nurse’s role to meet ct’s needs: stranger, resource person, teacher, surrogate, counselor
Four Phases: orientation, identification, exploitation, resolution
- believes anxiety as a psychic threat
- four levels of anxiety: mild, moderate, severe, panic
What is Abraham Maslow’s humanistic theory?
Hierarchy of needs
- Basic (bottom)physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization(top).
- must meet bottom needs before going up
What is Carl Rogers humanistic theory?
- Client-entered therapy (focus on client’s role)
- unconditional positive regard, genuineness, empathetic understanding
What is Ivan Pavlovs behavioural theories?
Classical conditioning
- Focused on behaviourism
Ex. Pavlov’s dogs
What is behaviourism?
Focus on observable behaviour changes, not how mind works
What is B.F. Skinners operant conditioning?
- All behaviour is learned, behaviour has consequences(reward or punishment)
- includes continuous and random intermittent reinforcement
What is continuous reinforcement?
- Reward every time the behaviour occurs
- fastest way to increase that behaviour, but the behaviour will not last long after the reward ceases
What is random intermittent reinforcement?
- Occasional rewarder the desired behaviour
- Slower to produce an increase in behaviour, but the behaviour continues after reward ceases
True or False: Abraham Maslow was the first theorist to focus on the client’s role
False
Rationale: Carl Rogers was the first to focus on the client’s role in his client-centered therapy
What is existential theories?
Overall belief is deviations occur when person is out of touch with self or environment
goal: return person to authentic sense of self
Many use cognitive therapy to help focus on immediate thought processing
What is crisis intervention?
When crisis happens it causes an overwhelming emotional response
What are the four stages of crisis?
- Exposure to stressor: Experiences anxiety and tries to cope in a customary manner
- Increased anxiety when usual coping effective
- Increased efforts to deal with stressor
- When coping attempts fail, the person experiences disequilibrium, significant distress
What are the three categories of crisis?
- Maturational
- Situational
- Adventitious/social
What is the maturational categories of crisis?
- Sometimes called “developmental”
- Predictable events in the normal course of life
Ex. leaving home, marriage
What is the situational categories of crisis?
Unanticipated or sudden events that threaten person’s integrity
Ex. death of spouse, loss of job, etc)
What is the adventitious/social categories of crisis?
Include natural disasters like flood, earthquakes, hurricanes, war, and violent crimes such as rape or murder
What are crisis intervention techniques?
Directive interventions: assess health status, promote problem-solving
Supportive interventions: deal with person’s needs for empathetic understanding
What is individual psychotherapy?
One-to-one relationship between the therapist and client
- Bringing about change in a person by exploring their feelings, attitudes, thinking, behaviour
What is group therapy?
Multiple people gather to accomplish tasks that require cooperation, collaboration, or working together
- Each person can influence and be influences by other members
What is the stages of group development?
- Pre-group stages: member selected, purpose of group identified, logistics
- Beginning stages: soon as group meets, members introduce themselves, leader selected, rules and expectation, determine level of comfort in group settings
- Working stage: may see rivalry, can be positive or negative (may be destructive)
- Termination: work reviewed, focus on accomplishments or growth of group members
