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Mental health and Wellbeing > Week 2 Lecture 2 - Anxiety nature, theory & processes > Flashcards

Week 2 Lecture 2 - Anxiety nature, theory & processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is anxiety?

A
  • a basic emotion
  • a personality dimension
  • a psychological disorder
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2
Q

As a basic emotion, what is anxiety?

A
  • normal response to danger or thought
  • has multiple subsystems: cognitive, behavioural, physiological
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3
Q

As a personality dimension, what is anxiety?

A
  • trait anxiety –> on which individuals vary on
  • neuroticism
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4
Q

As a psychological disorder, what is anxiety?

A

GAD, OCD, panic etc.

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5
Q

What is the nature of anxiety?

A
  • cognitive and physiological preparation for future threats
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6
Q

What is the content specificity hypothesis?

A
  • different emotions have different content of thought and coping behaviours
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7
Q

What are the 2 dimensions of state-anxiety?

A
  • cognitive (worry)
  • autonomic (emotional/ physiological)
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8
Q

What is worry?

A
  • chain of negative, repetitive thought
  • “what if” thoughts
  • future orientated
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9
Q

How is worry different to rumination?

A

ruminated is past orientated and consists of “why me” thoughts

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10
Q

Is the cognitive or emotional component of anxiety more disruptive?

A

Cognitive

Shown with experiment on test anxiety in which worry and overthinking hurt performance

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11
Q

In what ways can anxiety be a good thing?

A

e.g., in athletes –> used to enhance performance

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12
Q

How is anxiety a personality dimension?

A

people can be more prone to experiencing anxiety than others

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13
Q

What is trait anxiety?

A
  • being more prone to experiencing anxiety
  • “relatively stable individual difference in anxiety proneness”
  • positively associated with psychopathology
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14
Q

STAI-T shown to have 2 factors, what are they?

A
  • depression i.e., I feel like a failure
  • anxiety i.e., I feel nervous
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15
Q

What does trait anxiety positively correlate with?

A
  • selective attention to threat stimuli
  • increased with trait anxiety –> more attention to threat, negative thought content, worry more
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16
Q

What is the stronger prediction of attention: trait anxiety or state anxiety?

A

trait anxiety

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17
Q

What tasks is state anxiety more detrimental in?

A
  • short term memory tasks
  • dual tasks
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18
Q

The emotional Stroop Tasks was used to present spider phobic ppts with 3 word lists (emotional, neutral, spider related).

What was found?

A
  • Phobics just as fast as controls for emotional and neutral words
  • Phobics paid more attention to fear related words –> bias towards fear stimuli
19
Q

What tasks can be used to measure anxiety and attention bias?

A
  • Stroop task
  • Dot Probe task
  • Homophone Spelling
20
Q

What is the Dot Probe Task? What was one finding?

A
  • Word pairs (threat and non-threat), follow by a dot probe in the same position as one of them
  • Trait-anxious and anxious patient’s focus on threat word
21
Q

What is Homophone spelling test? What was one finding?

A
  • Listen to words with 2 alternative meanings
  • Trait-anxious write threatening word
22
Q

What are 3 explanations of attention bias for threatening stimuli in anxiety prone individuals?

A
  • Williams et al processing theory
  • Eysenck Hypervigilance theory
  • Wells & Matthews S-REF Theory
23
Q

What is Williams processing theory?

A
  • anxiety effecting automatic processing leading to bias
  • anxiety is viewed as a bottom up process
24
Q

What is Eysenck’s hypervigilance theory?

A
  • Trait anxious scan environment for threat excessively and lock onto it
  • Unclear if this theory is bottom up or top down
  • Unclear if anxiety in this model is automatic or strategic
25
Q

What is Wells & Matthews S-REF Theory?

A
  • anxiety associated with activation of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome (CAS)
  • CAS involves self-focus, worry, monitoring for threat and ironic coping responses (bias is a consequence of coping strategy)
  • bottom up and top down approach
26
Q

How does S-REF try and explain how trait anxiety and emotion are linked?

A
  • differences between disorders are less important than the similarities
  • metacognitive beliefs as a central factor in state/trait emotion and mechanism?
  • Metacognitive beliefs predicted proneness to both domains of trait anxiety
  • metacognitive beliefs may be an underlying mechanism of vulnerability attributed to trait-anxiety
27
Q

When is anxiety a disorder?

A
  • interferes with functioning
  • is prolonged/ excessive
  • impairs quality of life
28
Q

In the DSM 5, what are the 3 chapters of anxiety disorders?

A
  • anxiety disorders
  • OCD and related disorders
  • Trauma and stress related disorders
29
Q

What are some examples of anxiety disorders?

A
  • separation anxiety
  • social anxiety disorder
  • panic attack
    -GAD
30
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A
  • cluster around animals or objects
31
Q

What is a panic attack?

A
  • sudden increase in anxiety
  • symptoms: increased HR, sweating, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath
  • immediate sense of catastrophe
32
Q

What is GAD?

A

characterised by excessive worry

33
Q

What are some examples of OCD and related disorders?

A
  • OCD
    -BDD
  • substance induced OCD
  • Hoarding
34
Q

What are some examples of trauma and stress disroders?

A
  • reactive attachment disorder
  • PTSD
  • ASD
  • adjustment disorders
35
Q

What is acute stress disorder?

A
  • within 4 weeks of exposure to trauma
  • symptoms e.g., memory difficulties, increased arousal
  • normal response
  • decreases within 4 weeks
  • if difficulties persist then PTSD
36
Q

What is PTSD?

A
  • occurs after a trauma (experienced, witnessed)
  • multiple types

DSM 5 criteria:
- recurrent memories, flashbacks, marked physiological reactions
- avoidance
- alternation in cognition and mood associated with trauma

37
Q

What is social anxiety disorder (SAD)?

A
  • fear of performance or social situations in which a person in subject to scrutiny
  • exposure almost invariably causes anxiety
  • the situation is avoided or endured with intense distress
  • common symptoms: sweating, shaking, blushing, blank mind, fear of humiliation
38
Q

What are 2 clinical models of SAD?

A
  • Social skills deficit
  • cognitive behaviour model (Clark and Wells)
39
Q

What is a social skills deficit?

A
  • little support
  • patients lack social skills like conversation skills or assertiveness
40
Q

What is the cognitive behaviour model (C&W)?

A
  • draws on Beck’s schema theory and cognitive model by Wells
  • Coping responses and cognitive processes not deficits are central to anxiety maintenance
  • model distinguishes between vulnerability factors and in situation factors
  • assumed the person with social anxiety has underlying beliefs about social world
  • this leads to negative thoughts in social situations
  • safety behaviours also important aspect
41
Q

According to Clark and Wells Model, why doesn’t social anxiety self correct?

A
  • self-focused attention
  • processing of inner image
  • safety behaviours and avoidance
  • anticipatory processing
  • the post mortem
42
Q

What are safety behaviours?

A
  • behaviours to try and help stay in an anxiety - provoking situation
  • less likely to get positive feedback
  • individuals using safety behaviours can come across as withdrawn, cold, unfriendly
  • safety behaviours contaminate social situation and maintain cognitive and somatic situations
43
Q

What is anticipatory processing?

A
  • happens before entering feared situation
  • hours or days ahead
  • difficulty in having an experience that challenges negativity
44
Q

What is post mortem?

A
  • upon leaving a feared situation
  • ruminate and analyze their performance
  • reinforces negative inner image even if the interaction was positive
  • rumination biases cognition and maintains anxiety

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