Week 2 for Quiz 2

Question 1

result of overinflation of the lungs, which increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax.

Answer 1

Barrel Chest

Question 2

Barrel chest occurs in patients with?

Answer 2

aging, emphysema and COPD.

Question 3

depression in the lower portion of the sternum. This may compress the heart and great vessels, resulting in murmurs

Answer 3

funnel chest (pectus excavatum)

Question 4

funnel chest (pectus excavatum) occurs in patients with?

Answer 4

rickets or Marfan syndrome.

Question 5

result of the anterior displacement of the sternum, which also increases the anteroposterior diameter.
rickets, Marf

Answer 5

PIGEON CHEST (pectus CARINATUM)

Question 6

PIGEON CHEST (pectus CARINATUM) occurs in patients with?

Answer 6

rickets, Marfan syndrome, severe kyphoscoliosis

Question 7

characterized by elevation of the scapula and a corresponding S-shaped spine. This deformity limits lung expansion within the thorax.

Answer 7

kyphoscoliosis

Question 8

kyphoscoliosis occurs in patients with?

Answer 8

osteoporosis, thoracic skeletal

Question 9

Increased responsiveness of lower airways to multiple stimuli. ;Episodic and with reversible obstruction.

Answer 9

asthma

Question 10

ominous signs of asthma

Answer 10

Fatigue,
Pulsus paradoxus,
Diaphoresis,
Inaudible breath sounds with diminished wheezing,
Inability to maintain recumbency,
And cyanosis

FPDIIC

Question 11

what do you call the perfusion pressure occurs in asthmatic patient?

Answer 11

Pulsus Paradoxus

Question 12

medical management: of asthma

Answer 12

Albuterol (Ventolin) –
Adrenergic
Theophylline –
Hydration

Question 13

what happens in a status asthmaticus

Answer 13

Severe bronchospasm and does not relieve within 30-60 mins.

Question 14

Anticholinergics used in asthma

Answer 14

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent, Combivent),

Question 15

Characterized by airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema.

Answer 15

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd)

Question 16

main cause of COPD

Answer 16

Smoking

Question 17

According to the American Lung Association, smoking cigarettes causes ________ of all COPD cases

Answer 17

85-90%

Question 18

Umbrella term that include: COPD

Answer 18

CRES
Chronic bronchitis
Refractory (irreversible) asthma
Emphysema
Severe bronchiectasis

Question 19

Predisposing and Precipitating factors
of COPD

Answer 19

(1) Oxidative stress;
(2) Cytokine release due to inflammation;
(3) impaired activity of anti protease enzymes

Question 20

Triad Symptoms of COPD

Answer 20

Cough
Sputum production
Dyspnea on exertion

Question 21

method of assessing lung function by measuring the volume of air that the patient can expel from the lungs after a maximal inspiration.

Answer 21

Spirometry

Question 22

Anticholinergic agents for COPD

Answer 22

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
Oxitropium bromide (Oxivent)

Question 23

Excessive mucus secretion within the airways and recurrent cough usually related to smoking, pollution, and infection.

Answer 23

chronic bronchitis “blue bloaters”

Question 24

Destruction of alveoli, narrowing of small airways and trapping of air resulting in loss of lung elasticity.

Answer 24

emphysema “Pink puffers”

Question 25

Alveoli of a patient with emphysema look like?

Answer 25

Cauliflower instead of grapes

Question 26

To limit blood flow to hypoxic alveoli, low oxygen leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction, diverting blood to the better-ventilated alveoli

Answer 26

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

Question 27

pathophysiology of cor pulmonale

Answer 27

Changes in vascular mediators:
high Endothelin-1
Low Endothelial nitric oxide synthase production: nitric oxide
Low Prostacyclin (vasodilator)

Question 28

Main pathophysiology of Cor Pulmonale

Answer 28

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
pulmonary vascular remodeling

Question 29

Irreversible dilatation of the cartilage containing airways.

Answer 29

bronchiectasis

Question 30

Long-term condition where the airways of the lungs become widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection.

Answer 30

bronchiectasis

Question 31

Infectious Causes: of bronchiectasis

Answer 31

Adenovirus and Influenza virus
Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and Anaerobes
Bordetella pertussis
HIV infection
Tuberculosis

Question 32

Main infectious cause of bronchiectasis

Answer 32

Adenovirus and Influenza virus

Question 33

Texture of sputum of patient with bronchiectasis

Answer 33

Copious foul-smelling sputum that separates into three layers in a cup.

Question 34

Parts of saliva of patient with bronchiectasis (3 layers)

Answer 34

Foam - Frothy partly saliva
Liquid- Thin sero-mucus liquid
Pus/sediment- pus, necrotic, cell debris

Question 35

Treatment #1 for bronchiectasis

Answer 35

4 Goals:
Eliminate cause
Improve tracheo bronchial clearance
Control infection
Reverse airflow obstruction

Question 36

Treatment #2 for bronchiectasis

Answer 36

Immunoglobulin
Antituberculous drugs
Corticosteroids (ABPA)
Remove aspirated material
Chest physical therapy
Mucolytics
Bronchodilators

Question 37

Treatment #3 for bronchiectasis

Answer 37

Lung transplant
Initial empiric
Antibiotics

Question 38

An acute inflammation on lung parenchyma.

Answer 38

pneumonia

Question 39

pneumonia with onset in the community or the first 2 days of hospitalization.

Answer 39

Cap (community acquired pneumonia)

Question 40

Common Causative Agents: for pneumonia

Answer 40

Streptococcus pneumonia (40%) MOST
Klebsiella (20%)
Haemophilus influenzae
Legionella, mycoplasma, Chlamydia

Question 41

3rd most common cause of morbidity among nosocomial infections.

Answer 41

Hap (hospital acquired pneumonia) healthcare-acquired

Question 42

A lung infection that develops in a person who is on a ventilator.

Answer 42

Vap (ventilator acquired pneumonia)

Question 43

Vaccination for pneumonia

Answer 43

Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pertussis, varicella, and measles

Question 44

Sputum collection: for TB considerations

Answer 44

Best obtained on three consecutive mornings.
Clean and thoroughly rinse the mouth with water.
Breathe deeply 3 times.
After the third breath, cough hard and try to bring up sputum from deep in the lungs