MIDTERM QUIZ 1 Flashcards
Regulates homeostasis by sensing system deviations and sending nerve impulses to appropriate organs.
Nervous system
Controls and coordinates the body’s response to changes in the environment using hormones
Endocrine system
the dynamic process in which the body maintains balance by constantly adjusting to internal and external stimuli
Homeostasis
the property of particles in a solution to dissociate into ions.
Osmolarity
This is the balance of positive and negative charges.
Electroneutrality
relaying of information about a given condition to the appropriate organ or system.
Feedback
the body reverses an original stimulus for the body to regain physiologic balance.
Negative feedback
Enhances or intensifies the original stimulus.
Positive feedback
A woman in labor contractions in childbirth what kind of feedback?
Positive malamang
Osmoregulation
what kind of feedback?
negative syempre kaya nga regulation e bobo kaba
Consist of water, electrolytes, blood plasma and component cells, proteins, and other soluble particles
solutes.
a dynamic process that is crucial for life and homeostasis.
Fluid and electrolyte
Fluid occupies almost _____ of the weight of an adult.
60%
two fluid compartments:
intracellular space and extracellular space.
stabilizing agent for the parts of the cell, helps maintain cell shape, and assists with transport of nutrients across the cell membrane, in and out of the cell.
Intracellular fluid / icf
mostly appears as interstitial tissue fluid and intravascular fluid.
Extracellular fluid / ecf
Cerebrospinal fluid contains?
Instertitial fluid of 20%
Intraocular fluid is made of?
Plasma 7.5%
Fluid within blood vessels contains plasma
Intravascular
Surrounds the cell (cartilages, connective tissue)
Interstitial
Fluid found in body cavities (CSF intestinal fluid)
Transcellular
stimulates or inhibits the desire for a person to drink.
thirst center in the hypothalamus
regulates the amount of water the kidney tubules absorb and is released in response to low blood volume
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
controls fluid volume, in which when the blood volume decreases, blood flow to the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus is reduced
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (raa system)
The heart also plays a role in correcting overload imbalances, by releasing _________ from the right atrium.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
is a series of interconnected brain structures that act as a central hub to control fluid levels in the body.
The lamina terminalis (yellow
Some cells in the lamina terminalis are adiacent to large, fluid-filled compartments in the brain, called
ventricles (blue).
ADH known as
VASOPRESSIN obvious naman
Give 6 functions of Antidiuretic hormone
OPDBVD
Serve as OSMOREGULATOR of the body.
Prevents excess urine production
Decrease sweating
Increase BP
Vasoconstriction
It can cause dehydration.
Give the 6 Fluid and electrolyte transport
EBCPPS
Total electrolyte concentration
The body cells
The cell membrane
permeability
Permeability of membranes freely permeable membranes
Selectively permeable
affects the body’s fluid balance.
Total electrolyte concentration
Nutrients and oxygen should enter body cells while waste products should exit the body.
The body cells
Separates the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment.
The cell membrane
The ability of a membrane to allow molecules to pass through.
permeability
These membranes allow almost any food or waste substance to pass through.
Permeability of membranes freely permeable membranes
Each cell’s membrane allows only certain specific substances to pass through.
Selectively permeable
Passive transport mechanisms
Give the 3
DOF
Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
the process of “being widely spread”, is the random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion
the diffusion of a pure solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient in situations where the molecules of a higher concentration are non diffusible.
Osmosis
is the transport of water and dissolved materials concentration already exists in the cell.
filtration
require specific enzymes and an energy expenditure in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Active transport mechanisms
An adult human at rest takes appropriately_____of fluid daily.
2,500 ml
Urine output give output for male, female and infant
60 -120 ml per hour
Male void - 300 - 500ml/day
Female void - 250 ml/day
Infants void - 5-40 Xa day
Preschool children are void - every 2 hrs.
chemical system set up to resist changes, particularly in hydrogen ion levels.
Buffers
are the body’s major chemical buffers.
Sodium bicarbonate and carbonic acid
basic components in the body, and the kidneys are key in regulating the amount of
Bicarbonate
solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it.
Buffers
potential or power of hydrogen ion concentration within the solution.
pH
metabolism is impaired, causing a decrease in bicarbonates and a buildup of lactic acid.
Metabolic acidosis
causes high anion gap metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis
Aspirin
occurs when loss of ECF volume exceeds the intake of fluid.
hypovolemia
refers to an isotonic volume expansion of the ECF caused by the abnormal retention of water and sodium in approximately the same proportions in which they normally exist in the ECF.
hypervolemia
A 48-year-old male has been admitted with a 24 hour history of abdominal distention and profuse vomiting. A CT scan reveals a large mass causing bowel obstruction. As part of the patient’s assessment, the surgical registrar requests that you check his blood gas (on air), with the results shown below:
PaO2: 12.7 kPa (11 – 13 kPa) || 95.2 mmHg (82.5 – 97.5 mmHg)
pH: 7.50 (7.35 – 7.45)
PaCO2: 5.5 kPa (4.7 – 6.0 kPa) || 41 mmHg (35.2 – 45 mmHg)
HCO3-: 29 (22 – 26 mEq/L)
BE: +3 (-2 to +2)
Metabolic alkalosis
George Kent is a 54-year-old widower with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and was rushed to the emergency department with increasing shortness of breath, pyrexia, and a productive cough with yellow-green sputum. He has difficulty communicating because of his inability to complete a sentence. One of his sons, Jacob, says he has been unwell for three days. Upon examination, crackles and wheezes can be heard in the lower lobes; he has tachycardia and a bounding pulse. Measurement of arterial blood gas shows pH 7.3, PaCO2 68 mm Hg, HCO3 28 mmol/L, and PaO2 60 mm Hg. How would you interpret this?
Respiratory Acidosis, Partially Compensated
pH 7.0, PaO2 90 mm Hg, PaCO2 23 mm Hg, and HCO3 12 mmol/L; other results are Na+ 126 mmol/L, K+ 5 mmol/L, and Cl- 95 mmol/L. What is your assessment?
D. Metabolic Acidosis, Partially, Compensated
pH 7.6, PaO2 120 mm Hg, PaCO2 31 mm Hg, and HCO3 25 mmol/L.
Respiratory Alkalosis, Uncompensated
pH 7.5, PaO2 85 mm Hg, PaCO2 40 mm Hg, and HCO3 34 mmol/L. What acid-base disorder is shown?
. Metabolic Alkalosis, Uncompensated
