Cardiovascular Week 4 Flashcards
is an infection that develops in the pleural space
Empyema
when excess blood builds üp in the chest cavity, usually due to an injury, tumor, or bleeding disorde
Hemothorax
GOLD stands for?
Global initiative for Chronic obstructive lung disease
usually associated with a build-up of fatty deposits inside the arteries (atherosclerosis) and an increased risk of blood clots
Coronary artery disease
Other names for CAD
Atherosclerotic Heart Disease (ASHD)
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
top three causes of death
ischemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and COVID-19 virus identified.
damages the inner layer of blood vessels, makes clots and promotes
plaque build up
Homocysteine
has a protective effect over development of coronary heart disease.
HDL (High density lipoprotein
The risk of developing CAD is _____ times higher among smokers.
2-6
High levels of ________________ are associated with an increased risk of CAD.
fibrinogen and coagulation factor VII
Injury on smooth muscle cells
Accumulation of macrophages and T-cells
Attracts lipid to deposit
Streaks of fat develop.
Fatty streak
The severe chest pain which is a symptom of coronary artery disease that develops when heart muscles undergo injury due to insufficient oxygen
Angina Pectoris
heart muscles undergo injury due to insufficient oxygen
(ischemia)
irreversible necrosis of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia.
Myocardial infarction
“Effort” angina
The chest pain comes about with physical activity, stress, cold temperatures and overeating.
Stable angina
Stable angina , pain lasts for?
3-5 minutes
“Worsening” Angina
Caused by a blood clot suddenly blocks an already narrowed coronary artery.
Unstable angina
Prinzmetal Angina
Occurs when the muscles in the coronary artery walls go into spasm suddenly narrowing the artery.
Variant angina
Common at night or early morning
More common in woman and smokers
what angina
Variant angina
angina that is NOT relieved by rest & or nitroglycerin.
Unstable angina
help to stabilize the fatty, hardened parts of the arteries, known as plaques.
Statins
More severe cases to be managed with
MEDICATIONS
Nitrates
Aspirin
Anti-hypertensives
Cholesterol-lowering drugs
where a thin tube is inserted into the coronary artery and a balloon is inflated to widen the artery.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
The patient’s vital signs may demonstrate:
in MI
Tachycardia
Irregular pulse, V tach, A fib or A flutter, supraventricular arrhythmias; bradyarrhythmias
Often called congestive heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF)
Acute heart failure
Acute heart failure in left sided
laterally displaced apex beat (if enlarged heart)
and gallop rhythm
rapid filling gallop occurs when there is an imbalance between the wave of rapid ventricular
gallop rhythm
Acute heart failure
right sided
Ascites, and hepatomegaly.
Parasternal heave
Pitting peripheral edema or anasarca (swelling of foot and or sacral edema)
life-threatening medical condition that occurs due to inadequate substrate for aerobic cellular respiration.
schock
state of decreased blood volume; more specifically, decrease in volume of blood plasma.
Hypovolemic shock
more than 15% blood volume loss (750 mL)
Compensated by constriction of vascular bed
No apparent S/S
Pallor of the skin
what stage?
1
30-40% blood volume loss (1.5-2 L)
“Systolic BP falls to 100mmHg or less (Classic signs of hypovolemic shock)
Marked tachycardia >120 bpm
Marked tachypnea > 30 cpm
Alteration in mental status (confusion, anxiety, agitation)
Sweating with cool, pale skin
Delayed capillary refill
Urine output of approximately 20 milliliters /hour
WHAT STAGE
3
Loss greater than 40% (>2L)
Extreme tachycardia (>140) with weak pulse
Pronounced tachypnea
Significantly decreased systolic blood pressure of 70 mmHg or less
WHAT STAGE
4
Hospital treatment for hypovolemic shock
BT with Fresh frozen plasma/whole blood
is the treatment of choice for STEMI.
ercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
What is (CABG)
Coronary artery bypass grafting
(frequent nighttime urination) a symptom of right sided acute heart failure
Nocturia
