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IHO Ben > Week 2: Diebel's master doc > Flashcards

Week 2: Diebel's master doc Flashcards

1
Q

What polarizes Th1 cells?

A

IL-12, IL-18, IFN-gamma

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2
Q

What do Th1 cells secrete?

A

IFN-gamma, TNF

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3
Q

What cells are responsible for contact hypersensitivity?

A

Th1 cells

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4
Q

What polarizes Th2 cells?

A

IL-4

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5
Q

What do Th2 cells secrete?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

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6
Q

What are Th17 cells polarized by?

A

TGF-beta, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-23

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7
Q

What do Th17 cells secrete?

A

IL-17 and IL-22

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8
Q

What polarizes Tfh cells?

A

IL-6 and IL-21

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9
Q

What do Tfh cells secrete?

A

IL-4 and IL-21

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10
Q

What polarizes Treg cells?

A

IL-2 and TGF-beta

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11
Q

What do Treg cells secrete?

A

IL-10, IL-35, TGF-beta

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12
Q

What does the allele HLA-B27 cause?

A

ankylosing spondylitis

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13
Q

What does the allele HLA-DR2 cause?

A

10x more likely to develop narcolepsy, also linked to MS, hay fever and SLE

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14
Q

What does the allele HLA-A3/B14 cause?

A

90x more likely to develop hemochromatosis

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15
Q

What does the allele HLA-DQ2/GQ8 cause?

A

celiac disease

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16
Q

What does the allele HLA-DR3 cause?

A

T1DM and Grave’s disease

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17
Q

What does the allele HLA-DR4 cause?

A

RA and T1DM

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18
Q

What does the allele HLA-B53 cause?

A

protection from childhood malaria

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19
Q

Describe the molecular interactions that occur between CD4+ T cell and an APC?

A

1) LFA-1 and ICAM-1 bind to make synapse
2) MHC II interacts with TCR/CD3 and CD4 to recognize
3) CD28 and B7 (CD80/86) provides co-stimulatory signals

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20
Q

How many different MHC-I molecules can be expressed?

A

6

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21
Q

How many different MHC-II molecules can be expressed?

A

12

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22
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophage, Dendritic cell, B cell

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23
Q

How do macrophages, DC and B cells uptake antigens?

A

Macrophages: phagocytosis
DC: phagocytosis and endocytosis
B cells: receptor-mediated endocytosis

24
Q

Which antigen presenting cells have both constitutively active MHC-II expression with further activation?

A

DC and B cells

25
Q

What do TAP1/TAP2 proteins do?

A

transporter associated with antigen processing. These take peptides from proteasomes to take them to RER membranes

26
Q

What does ERAAP do?

A

helps trim peptide to better fit into MHC1 molecule

27
Q

What does calnexin do?

A

chaperone protein that ensures proper folding of MHC-1 molecules

28
Q

What does the invariant chain do?

A

helps to hold MHC alpha and beta chains together before antigen binding

29
Q

What does CLIP do?

A

Class II associated invariant chain peptide. Holds MHCII in place and keeps binding site open for antigen to bind

30
Q

What does HLA-DO and HLA-DM do?

A

Removes the CLIP protein from the MHCII molecule and helps to add antigen into MHC molecule

31
Q

What is the normal CD4+:CD8+ ratio?

A

2:1

32
Q

What does MHC-I deficiency result it?

A

Low CD8+ cells presenting at ~3-4 years old. Problems with fighting viral infections

33
Q

What does MHC-II deficiency result it?

A

worse outcome than MHC-I cause Th1 cells are involved in B and T cell activation. Will have a low CD4+:CD8+ ratio

34
Q

What do Th2 cells secrete to differentiate and proliferate B cells?

A

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5

35
Q

What are the cellular interactions between Th2 and B cells in T-dependent B cell proliferation?

A

CD28–CD80/86, CD40L–CD40, TCR/CD4–MHCII

36
Q

When is C-kit found on T cells

A

Stem cell to DN2

37
Q

When is CD44 found on T cells?

A

DN1 –> DN2

38
Q

When is CD25 found on stem cells

A

DN2–> DN3

39
Q

When is CD3 found on stem cells?

A

DN3–>Mature T cells

40
Q

What are the cytokines that drive Th0 into Th1 and Th2, respectively?

A

IL-12 to Th1, IL-4 to Th2

41
Q

What are the polarizing signal of Treg cells?

A

IL-2, TGF-beta

42
Q

What are the polarizing signals of Th17?

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-23, TGF-beta

43
Q

What is the polarizing signals of Th2 cells?

A

IL-4

44
Q

What is the polarizing signals of Tfh cells?

A

IL-6, IL-21

45
Q

What is the polarizing signals of Th1?

A

IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-18

46
Q

What are the killing mechanisms of Tc and NK cells?

A

perforin and granzyme, Fas ligand, TNF-alpha release kills through caspase signaling

47
Q

What does the lectin-like receptors of NK cells do?

A

Looks to see if cells have abnormal HLA-E molecules

48
Q

What do KIR receptors of NK cells do?

A

Looks for abnormal MHC-I molecules

49
Q

Are most Lectin-like receptors activating or inhibiting?

A

activating

50
Q

Are most KIR receptors activating or inhibiting?

A

inhibitory

51
Q

What cells are able to do antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

A

NK cells, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils

52
Q

What are the four types of Treg effector mechanisms they use to control T cell proliferation

A

1) CTLA-4 interacts with CD80/86 of DC to turn off DC
2) Treg secrete IL-10, Il-35 and TGF-beta to cause cell cycle arrest
3) Tregs contain CD25 5o soak up IL-2 in environment
4) Tregs can secrete granzymes to kill any T cells

53
Q

Generally describe IPEX?

A

Down-regulation of Foxp3 transcription factor leading to decreased Treg cells leading to autoimmunity

54
Q

What are treatments for IPEX?

A

IVIG treatment, bone marrow transplant

55
Q

Generally describe APECED

A

Problem with negative selection in thymus resulting in increased T cell proliferation that can be self-reactive.

IHO Ben (27 decks)

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