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IHO Ben > Week 1: Specific Acquired Immunity > Flashcards

Week 1: Specific Acquired Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the AIS take 7-10 days to ramp up?

A

Because the APC needs to find the random B and T lymphocytes that are specific to that antigen

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2
Q

How long does it take to generate memory B cells?

A

1-5 additional days

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3
Q

What are the two kinds of adaptive immunity?

A

Humoral Immunity and Cell-mediated immunity

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4
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

B cells protecting the extracellular spaces of the body- tissue, blood, secretions- by releasing antibodies

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5
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells surveying the surfaces of the body’s cells, looking at cells that have parasites in them

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6
Q

Where do B cells locate to release antibodies forever?

A

Bone Marrow

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7
Q

What are the two MHC molecules?

A

MHC I and MHC II

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8
Q

What do MHC I present?

A

antigens synthesized within the cell

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9
Q

What T cell recognizes MHC I molecules?

A

CD8+ killer T cells

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10
Q

What do MHC II present?

A

antigens that are products of phagocytosis

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11
Q

What cells present MHC II molecules?

A

monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, epithelial cells of the thymus

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12
Q

What cells recognize MHC II molecules?

A

CD4+ helper T cells

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13
Q

What is the function of MHC II molecules on epithelial cells in the thymus?

A

To train T cells to not react with self antigens

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14
Q

What are the cytokines that switch from CD4+ T cells to Th1?

A

IL-12

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15
Q

What are the cytokines that switch from CD4+ T cells to Th2?

A

IL-4

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16
Q

What are the cytokines that switch from CD4+ T cells to Th17?

A

IL-6 and IL-23

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17
Q

What are the cytokines that switch from CD4+ T cells to Tfh

A

IL-6, IL-21

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18
Q

What are the cytokines that switch from CD4+ T cells to Treg

A

IL-2 and TGF-beta

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19
Q

Where to B and T cells begin production at?

A

Bone Marrow

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20
Q

Where do T cells become mature cells?

A

Thymus

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21
Q

Where can mature B and T cells be located at?

A

blood and lymph nodes

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22
Q

What is the function of lymphokines?

A

attract and activate monocytes and macrophages

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23
Q

What cluster of differentiation is always found on T cells?

A

CD3

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24
Q

What are the two most common T cell receptors?

A

alpha-beta and gamma-delta

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25
What is the T cell receptor coupled with?
CD3 complex
26
How do alpha-beta TCRs function?
by binding MHC I and II molecules
27
T/F: gamma-delpha TCRs can bind directly without the use of MHC complexes?
True
28
What TCR do most intraepithelial lymphocytes have?
gamma-delta CD8+ T cells
29
What is unique about gamma-delta T cells?
They are CD4- and CD8-
30
What are the 5 specialized subtypes of T helper cells?
Th1, Th17, Th2, Tfh, Treg
31
What is the function of Th1 helper cells?
make lymphokine that attract thousand of angry macrophages- usually what is involved in organ rejection
32
What is the function of Th17 cells? What kinds of diseases are they implicated in?
Main role in inflammation, more powerful than Th1 and protect mucosal barrier; implicated in forms of autoimmunity
33
What is the function of Th2 cells?
stimulate macrophages to become alternatively activated; function in wall-off pathogens and PROMOTING HEALING
34
What is the function of T follicular helper cells? (Tfh)
after stimulation by antigen, migrate from T cell areas of lymph nodes into B cell follicles where they help activate B cells to make the Ig subclasses
35
What is the function of Treg cells?
make cytokines that suppress activation and fxn of Th1, Th17 and Th2 cells, KEEP IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CHECK
36
What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?
destroy any body cell they ID as bearing a foreign or abnormal antigen on its surface
37
What are the steps of activation of alpha-beta T cells?
Signal 1: TLR recognition of HLA bound Ag (CD4 with MHC2, CD8 with MHC1). Signal 2: B7 (CD80/86) on APC binds to T cell surface prtn CD28. Other stimulation: APC CD58 binds to Tcell CD2, APC releases IL-1 and T cell releases IL-2
38
What is it better for a CTL to kill an infected cell than let the virus kill it?
Allowing the virus to kill it would allow it to expand its population after lysis of the cell
39
How to cytotoxic T cells kill?
FAS ligand interaction- activating caspase and apoptosis in target cell. (2) TNF can induce apoptosis, Perforin is a pore-forming protein, Granzymes induce apoptosis
40
Describe positive selection of T cells
T cells must recognize MHC I or MHC II molecules in order to be stimulated to mature (self-restricted)
41
Describe negative selection of T cells
T cells that recognize self-antigens bound to MHC II on the thymus epithelial cells are driven to apoptosis (tolerant to self-antigens
42
What are the surface receptors of B cells that recognize antigens?
IgD or IgM (monomers)
43
What cells is CD3 found on and what's its function?
Th and Tc; Signal transduction element of the T-cell receptor
44
What cells is CD4 found on and whats its function?
Th; adhesion molecule that binds to MHC2 molecules and signal transduction
45
What cells is CD8 found on and whats its function?
Tc and possibly NK; adhesion molecule that binds to MHC I molecules and aids in signal transduction
46
What cells is CD16 (Fc(gamma)RIII) found on and whats its function
NK cells; low-affinity receptor for Fc region of IgG
47
What cells is CD19 found on and whats its function?
B cell; signal transduction, CD21 co-receptor
48
What cells is CD21 (CR2) found on and whats its function?
B cells; receptor for complement (C3d and EBC)
49
What cells is CD28 found on and whats its function
T cells; receptor for costimulatory B7 molecule on antigen-presenting cells
50
What cells is CD40 Found on and whats its function?
B cell; signal transduction
51
What cells is CD56 found on and whats its function?
NK cells; adhesion molecule
52
What 2 markers are only found on NK cells?
CD16 and CD56
53
Do B cell receptors require simultaneous recognition of an associated MHC molecule to be activated?
No, antigen alone
54
What cell typically helps the proilferation and differentiation of B cells?
T follicular helper cell
55
What are B cell receptors called?
CD79a (Ig-alpha), CD79b (Ig-beta)
56
What does two IgG molecules do to a bacterium?
cooperate to activate complement
57
What antibody can cross the placenta from mother to fetus?
IgG
58
What is IgM in fetus serum indicative of?
the baby had an infection in the womb
59
What is the function of IgM?
large polymeric immunoglobulin that is good at activating complement
60
What is the first antibody to be secreted into the blood? What is it replaced by?
IgM; replaced by IgG
61
What is the main form of antibody inserted into B cell membranes?
IgD
62
Where is IgA found?
Found in secretions like saliva, tears, genitourinary and intestinal fluids, milk
63
Where does the secretory component that is found on IgA molecules come from?
epithelial cells that secrete the cells
64
What is the function of IgE?
attach to mast cells in tissues to cause them to degranulate
65
When attached to mast cells, what does IgE cause them to secrete?
prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines, and release its granules of histamines
66
What antibody is favored in local lymphoid tissues (after infection through mucosal membranes)?
IgA, sometimes IgE
67
What antibodies are favored if an antigen reaches local lymph nodes or the spleen?
IgM first, then IgG
68
What pathogen are patients without a spleen more susceptible to?
Salmonella spp.

IHO Ben (27 decks)

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