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IHO Ben > Week 1: Specific Acquired Immunity > Flashcards

Week 1: Specific Acquired Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the AIS take 7-10 days to ramp up?

A

Because the APC needs to find the random B and T lymphocytes that are specific to that antigen

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2
Q

How long does it take to generate memory B cells?

A

1-5 additional days

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3
Q

What are the two kinds of adaptive immunity?

A

Humoral Immunity and Cell-mediated immunity

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4
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

B cells protecting the extracellular spaces of the body- tissue, blood, secretions- by releasing antibodies

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5
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells surveying the surfaces of the body’s cells, looking at cells that have parasites in them

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6
Q

Where do B cells locate to release antibodies forever?

A

Bone Marrow

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7
Q

What are the two MHC molecules?

A

MHC I and MHC II

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8
Q

What do MHC I present?

A

antigens synthesized within the cell

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9
Q

What T cell recognizes MHC I molecules?

A

CD8+ killer T cells

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10
Q

What do MHC II present?

A

antigens that are products of phagocytosis

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11
Q

What cells present MHC II molecules?

A

monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, epithelial cells of the thymus

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12
Q

What cells recognize MHC II molecules?

A

CD4+ helper T cells

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13
Q

What is the function of MHC II molecules on epithelial cells in the thymus?

A

To train T cells to not react with self antigens

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14
Q

What are the cytokines that switch from CD4+ T cells to Th1?

A

IL-12

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15
Q

What are the cytokines that switch from CD4+ T cells to Th2?

A

IL-4

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16
Q

What are the cytokines that switch from CD4+ T cells to Th17?

A

IL-6 and IL-23

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17
Q

What are the cytokines that switch from CD4+ T cells to Tfh

A

IL-6, IL-21

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18
Q

What are the cytokines that switch from CD4+ T cells to Treg

A

IL-2 and TGF-beta

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19
Q

Where to B and T cells begin production at?

A

Bone Marrow

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20
Q

Where do T cells become mature cells?

A

Thymus

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21
Q

Where can mature B and T cells be located at?

A

blood and lymph nodes

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22
Q

What is the function of lymphokines?

A

attract and activate monocytes and macrophages

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23
Q

What cluster of differentiation is always found on T cells?

A

CD3

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24
Q

What are the two most common T cell receptors?

A

alpha-beta and gamma-delta

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25
Q

What is the T cell receptor coupled with?

A

CD3 complex

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26
Q

How do alpha-beta TCRs function?

A

by binding MHC I and II molecules

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27
Q

T/F: gamma-delpha TCRs can bind directly without the use of MHC complexes?

A

True

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28
Q

What TCR do most intraepithelial lymphocytes have?

A

gamma-delta CD8+ T cells

29
Q

What is unique about gamma-delta T cells?

A

They are CD4- and CD8-

30
Q

What are the 5 specialized subtypes of T helper cells?

A

Th1, Th17, Th2, Tfh, Treg

31
Q

What is the function of Th1 helper cells?

A

make lymphokine that attract thousand of angry macrophages- usually what is involved in organ rejection

32
Q

What is the function of Th17 cells? What kinds of diseases are they implicated in?

A

Main role in inflammation, more powerful than Th1 and protect mucosal barrier; implicated in forms of autoimmunity

33
Q

What is the function of Th2 cells?

A

stimulate macrophages to become alternatively activated; function in wall-off pathogens and PROMOTING HEALING

34
Q

What is the function of T follicular helper cells? (Tfh)

A

after stimulation by antigen, migrate from T cell areas of lymph nodes into B cell follicles where they help activate B cells to make the Ig subclasses

35
Q

What is the function of Treg cells?

A

make cytokines that suppress activation and fxn of Th1, Th17 and Th2 cells, KEEP IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CHECK

36
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

A

destroy any body cell they ID as bearing a foreign or abnormal antigen on its surface

37
Q

What are the steps of activation of alpha-beta T cells?

A

Signal 1: TLR recognition of HLA bound Ag (CD4 with MHC2, CD8 with MHC1). Signal 2: B7 (CD80/86) on APC binds to T cell surface prtn CD28. Other stimulation: APC CD58 binds to Tcell CD2, APC releases IL-1 and T cell releases IL-2

38
Q

What is it better for a CTL to kill an infected cell than let the virus kill it?

A

Allowing the virus to kill it would allow it to expand its population after lysis of the cell

39
Q

How to cytotoxic T cells kill?

A

FAS ligand interaction- activating caspase and apoptosis in target cell. (2) TNF can induce apoptosis, Perforin is a pore-forming protein, Granzymes induce apoptosis

40
Q

Describe positive selection of T cells

A

T cells must recognize MHC I or MHC II molecules in order to be stimulated to mature (self-restricted)

41
Q

Describe negative selection of T cells

A

T cells that recognize self-antigens bound to MHC II on the thymus epithelial cells are driven to apoptosis (tolerant to self-antigens

42
Q

What are the surface receptors of B cells that recognize antigens?

A

IgD or IgM (monomers)

43
Q

What cells is CD3 found on and what’s its function?

A

Th and Tc; Signal transduction element of the T-cell receptor

44
Q

What cells is CD4 found on and whats its function?

A

Th; adhesion molecule that binds to MHC2 molecules and signal transduction

45
Q

What cells is CD8 found on and whats its function?

A

Tc and possibly NK; adhesion molecule that binds to MHC I molecules and aids in signal transduction

46
Q

What cells is CD16 (Fc(gamma)RIII) found on and whats its function

A

NK cells; low-affinity receptor for Fc region of IgG

47
Q

What cells is CD19 found on and whats its function?

A

B cell; signal transduction, CD21 co-receptor

48
Q

What cells is CD21 (CR2) found on and whats its function?

A

B cells; receptor for complement (C3d and EBC)

49
Q

What cells is CD28 found on and whats its function

A

T cells; receptor for costimulatory B7 molecule on antigen-presenting cells

50
Q

What cells is CD40 Found on and whats its function?

A

B cell; signal transduction

51
Q

What cells is CD56 found on and whats its function?

A

NK cells; adhesion molecule

52
Q

What 2 markers are only found on NK cells?

A

CD16 and CD56

53
Q

Do B cell receptors require simultaneous recognition of an associated MHC molecule to be activated?

A

No, antigen alone

54
Q

What cell typically helps the proilferation and differentiation of B cells?

A

T follicular helper cell

55
Q

What are B cell receptors called?

A

CD79a (Ig-alpha), CD79b (Ig-beta)

56
Q

What does two IgG molecules do to a bacterium?

A

cooperate to activate complement

57
Q

What antibody can cross the placenta from mother to fetus?

58
Q

What is IgM in fetus serum indicative of?

A

the baby had an infection in the womb

59
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A

large polymeric immunoglobulin that is good at activating complement

60
Q

What is the first antibody to be secreted into the blood? What is it replaced by?

A

IgM; replaced by IgG

61
Q

What is the main form of antibody inserted into B cell membranes?

62
Q

Where is IgA found?

A

Found in secretions like saliva, tears, genitourinary and intestinal fluids, milk

63
Q

Where does the secretory component that is found on IgA molecules come from?

A

epithelial cells that secrete the cells

64
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

attach to mast cells in tissues to cause them to degranulate

65
Q

When attached to mast cells, what does IgE cause them to secrete?

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines, and release its granules of histamines

66
Q

What antibody is favored in local lymphoid tissues (after infection through mucosal membranes)?

A

IgA, sometimes IgE

67
Q

What antibodies are favored if an antigen reaches local lymph nodes or the spleen?

A

IgM first, then IgG

68
Q

What pathogen are patients without a spleen more susceptible to?

A

Salmonella spp.

IHO Ben (27 decks)

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