WEEK 2: CHROMOSOMES AND GENES Flashcards
What is DNA?
-DNA is heritable material that codes for all
proteins inside a cell.
What are introns and exons?
-Eukaryote cells’ DNA has genes with introns
( non coding) and exons (coding regions of DNA)
-In eukaryote cells, where is the DNA found?
-In eukaryote cells, DNA is found in the nucleus
and mitochondria (in the cytoplasm)
How much % of the DNA codes for functional genes?
About 2% of human DNA codes for functional
genes while the rest does not
What does DNA stands for?
-DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA is made up of three types of molecules.
Name them.
1)A five carbon sugar called deoxyribose
2)A phosphate group
3)A nitrogen containing base (4)
Name the 4 nitrogen containing bases that make up a DNA.
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
DNA is built from Nucleotides.
What are these nucleotides called?
-DNA is built from Nucleotides
-These nucleotides are called deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs)
What base does dCTP contain?
a. Adenine
b. Guanine
c. Cytosine
d. Thymine
Name the four nucleotides.
The four nucleotides are:
a. deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP)
b. deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP)
c. deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP)
d. deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP)
Which carbons do triphosphates and bases attach on the deoxyribose?
-The triphosphates are attached to deoxyribose at the 5’ carbon.
-The bases are attached to the 1’ carbon
Describe the joining of Nucleotides into a DNA Strand.
What two groups link on the nucleotides to form a DNA?
What is lost during the reaction?
-Nucleotides are joined together by linking a phosphate to the sugar on the adjacent nucleotide
-The phosphate group in one nucleotide (5’ Carbon) attaches the 3’Carbon (containing the hydroxyl group) in the deoxyribose of another nucleotide
-This process results in the loss of the other 2 phosphates, releasing energy
-Any nucleotide can be adjacent to any nucleotide
-The DNS strand can contain thousands and billions of nucleotides strung together
What is the 5’ end?
What is the 3’ end?
Cell build DNA strands (during replication) form what end?
-One end of the strand has phosphates at the 5’ carbon of the first nucleotide.
This is called the 5’ end.
-The other end has a hydroxyl group at the 3’ Carbon of the last nucleotide.
This is called the 3’ end.
-Our cells always build DNA strands (during replication) from the 5’ end to the 3’ end.
How does DNA form double strands?
Through base pairing
State the base pairing rule.
How many hydrogen bonds are in each pair?
Which bond pair is stronger?
*Base Pairing Rule
A always pairs with T
G always pairs with C
*This is accomplished via hydrogen bonds
A-T pair has 2 hydrogen bonds.
G-C pair has 3 hydrogen bonds.
*G-C bond > A-T bond
What is DNA double stranded structure called?
Describe the structure?
*Double helix
*The strands twist around one another in a right-handed double helix like in a spiral staircase.
*The bases are perpendicular to the helix axis