Week 2 - Ch 6 & 7 Flashcards
Semantic Rules
Reflects the ways in which users of a language assign meaning to a particular linguistic symbol, usually a word.
Equivocal Language
Ambiguous statements with more than one meaning.
Relative Words
Gain their meaning by comparison.
Static Evaluation
Statements that include the word “is” lead to the mistaken assumption that people are consistent and unchanging - an incorrect belief.
Abstract Language
Is vague in nature
Behavioral language
refers to specific things people say or do.
abstraction ladder
illustrates how the same phenomenon can be described at various levels of specificity and abstraction.
Syntactic Rules
govern the grammar of a language.
pragmatic rules
decides how to interpret messages in a given context
convergence
the process of adapting one’s speech style to match that of others.
divergence
speaking in a way that emphasizes their differences from others.
powerless speech mannerisms
Hedges, hesitations, intensifiers, polite forms, tag questions, disclaimers, rising inflections.
politeness
communicating in ways that save face for both senders and receivers.
emotive language
Seems to describe something but actually announces the speaker’s attitude toward it.
“it” statements
replace the personal pronoun “I” with the less immediate word “it”
“I” Language
clearly identifies the speaker as the source of the message.
“but” statements
the word “but” cancels the word that precedes it.
“you” language
expresses a judgement of the other person
“we” language
implies that the issue is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and the receiver of a message
low-context cultures
generally value using language to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible.
high-context cultures
value language to maintain social harmony.
linguistic relativity
the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
observed that the language spoken by Hopi native Americans represents a view of reality that is dramatically different from that of more familiar tongues.
Nonverbal Communication
Messages expressed by nonlinguistic means
Complementing
match the thoughts and emotions the communicator is expressing linguistically.
Substituting
nonverbal behavior that takes the place of a verbal message
accenting
nonverbal behaviors that emphasize part of a verbal message
adaptors
unconscious bodily movements in response to the environment.
body orientation
a type of nonverbal communication characterized by the degree to which we face forward or away from someone.
chronemics
the study of how humans use and structure time.
contradicting
nonverbal behavior that is inconsistent with a verbal message
emblems
deliberate nonverbal behaviors with precise meanings that are known to virtually all members of a cultural group
gestures
motions of the body, usually hands or arms, that have communicative value.
haptics
the study of touching
illustrators
nonverbal behaviors that accompany and support verbal messages.
intimate distance
one of Hall’s four distance zones, ranging from skin contact to 18 inches.
kinesics
the study of body position and motion
leakage
nonverbal behaviors that reveal information a communicator does not disclose verbally.
manipulators
a type of nonverbal adaptor involving self-touching behaviors.
microexpression
a brief facial expression
mixed message
situation in which a person’s words are incongruent with his or her nonverbal behavior.
monochronic
behavior emphasizing punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time.
paralanguage
nonlinguistic means of vocal expression: pitch, rate, tone, and so on.
personal distance
One of Hall’s four distance zones, ranging from 18 inches to 4 feet.
polychronic
an approach to the use of time that emphasizes flexibility and pursuing multiple tasks.
posture
the way which individuals carry themselves - erect, slumping, and so on.
proxemics
the study of how people use interpersonal space and distance
public distance
One of Hall’s four distance zones, extending outward from 12 feet.
regulating
one function of nonverbal communication in which nonverbal cues control the flow of verbal communication among individuals.
repeating
nonverbal behaviors that duplicate the content of a verbal message.
social distance
One of Hall’s four distance zones, ranging from 4 to 12 feet.
territory
a stationary area claimed by an individual.
