Week 2 (BRB) Flashcards
What are the 3 characteristics of Learning Theories?
- Relatively permanent
- Changes behavior
- Associations after experiences
What is Classical Conditioning?
Process of stimulus and response, unconditioned. This can be trained and will get stronger over time. It’s based on creating connection through association arisen through repetition.
What is Unconditioned response in classical conditioning?
There was a connection before we started using it.
What is Conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?
This means we try to connect something new to the old connection. The new thing must elicit some behavior.
What is the key for Classical conditioning?
The key is repetition:
Making a new association with a sound/word/action happens after days, weeks, months. If you stop giving them the signal, the connection will break.
What does Pavlov say about classical conditioning?
” All forms of learning are classical conditioning “
What is Stimulus Generalization?
When an individual responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. For example, the dog that was conditioned to drool upon hearing a clicking noise may generalize that behavior to similar sounds, such as tapping and beeping noises.
In what ways does Stimulus Generalization work?
- Expand 1 stimulus to many different stimuli
- Conditioned stimulus leads to conditioned response
- Overgeneralizations (going crazy after constantly thinking you’re hearing a stimulus)
What is Stimulus Discrimination?
A discriminative stimulus is a type of behavioral consequence that encourages a behavior through the removal of something undesirable.
What is Operant Conditioning?
A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
What does Edward Thorndike say about Operant Conditioning (LAW OF EFFECT?
” Everything you do that has a positive effect, you will do more of. Everything you do that has a negative effect, you will do less of. “
In what ways does Operant Conditioning work?
- Trial and Error (learning through missing and failing)
- Operating (organisms show observable, voluntary behavior)
- Behavior is instrumental, aimed at reaching a certain state or goal
What is a Reinforcer?
Every event that increases the chances of that same response happening again.
What kind of reinforcement do we have?
- Primary = immediate satisfaction (food, drinks, sex, love)
- Secondary = postponed satisfaction
(money, status)
What is a Punisher?
Every event that decreases the chances of that same response happening again.
What is Extinction?
When a connection between behavior and response is broken. It goes slower when intermitting a reinforcer. It’s more difficult in an avoidance situation. (ignoring wasp and not getting stung)
In what ways can we use reinforcers and punishers?
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
What are the preconditions to Operant Conditioning?
- Motivation
- Capacity
- Opportunity
What are Intermittent Rewards?
Rewards you get sometimes, but not always, like slot machines.
How do Intermittent Rewards work?
We keep trying because there is a really small chance we will get the reward.
What is Reward Prediction Error?
You should lower your expectations to be happier about the result. Motivation = reward - expectation
