Week 2 (BRB)

Question 1

What are the 3 characteristics of Learning Theories?

Answer 1

1. Relatively permanent
2. Changes behavior
3. Associations after experiences

Question 2

What is Classical Conditioning?

Answer 2

Process of stimulus and response, unconditioned. This can be trained and will get stronger over time. It’s based on creating connection through association arisen through repetition.

Question 3

What is Unconditioned response in classical conditioning?

Answer 3

There was a connection before we started using it.

Question 4

What is Conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

Answer 4

This means we try to connect something new to the old connection. The new thing must elicit some behavior.

Question 5

What is the key for Classical conditioning?

Answer 5

The key is repetition:
Making a new association with a sound/word/action happens after days, weeks, months. If you stop giving them the signal, the connection will break.

Question 6

What does Pavlov say about classical conditioning?

Answer 6

” All forms of learning are classical conditioning “

Question 7

What is Stimulus Generalization?

Answer 7

When an individual responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. For example, the dog that was conditioned to drool upon hearing a clicking noise may generalize that behavior to similar sounds, such as tapping and beeping noises.

Question 8

In what ways does Stimulus Generalization work?

Answer 8

1. Expand 1 stimulus to many different stimuli
2. Conditioned stimulus leads to conditioned response
3. Overgeneralizations (going crazy after constantly thinking you’re hearing a stimulus)

Question 9

What is Stimulus Discrimination?

Answer 9

A discriminative stimulus is a type of behavioral consequence that encourages a behavior through the removal of something undesirable.

Question 10

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 10

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

Question 11

What does Edward Thorndike say about Operant Conditioning (LAW OF EFFECT?

Answer 11

” Everything you do that has a positive effect, you will do more of. Everything you do that has a negative effect, you will do less of. “

Question 12

In what ways does Operant Conditioning work?

Answer 12

1. Trial and Error (learning through missing and failing)
2. Operating (organisms show observable, voluntary behavior)
3. Behavior is instrumental, aimed at reaching a certain state or goal

Question 13

What is a Reinforcer?

Answer 13

Every event that increases the chances of that same response happening again.

Question 14

What kind of reinforcement do we have?

Answer 14

1. Primary = immediate satisfaction (food, drinks, sex, love)
2. Secondary = postponed satisfaction
   (money, status)

Question 15

What is a Punisher?

Answer 15

Every event that decreases the chances of that same response happening again.

Question 16

What is Extinction?

Answer 16

When a connection between behavior and response is broken. It goes slower when intermitting a reinforcer. It’s more difficult in an avoidance situation. (ignoring wasp and not getting stung)

Question 17

In what ways can we use reinforcers and punishers?

Answer 17

Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment

Question 18

What are the preconditions to Operant Conditioning?

Answer 18

1. Motivation
2. Capacity
3. Opportunity

Question 19

What are Intermittent Rewards?

Answer 19

Rewards you get sometimes, but not always, like slot machines.

Question 20

How do Intermittent Rewards work?

Answer 20

We keep trying because there is a really small chance we will get the reward.

Question 21

What is Reward Prediction Error?

Answer 21

You should lower your expectations to be happier about the result. Motivation = reward - expectation