week 2

Question 1

What are the three types of categories of research questions?

Answer 1

Descriptive
Relational/ Analytical (relationship between 2 or more factors)
Causal/experimental

Question 2

What type of study are descriptive and relational/analytical?

Answer 2

Observational

Question 3

What are the two types of DATA

Answer 3

Primary

Secondary

Question 4

what is primary data?

Answer 4

Originated by researcher for that specific research question.

you have a direct say

Question 5

what is secondary data?

Answer 5

data already collected for other reasons.

collected rapidly and easily. (low cost and short time)

controlled by principal investigator.

e.g. national data sets and registries.

support studies, where an investigator adds several measurements.

investigator has no or littler control over the study.

Question 6

what helps you decide what is the most appropriate study design and methodology?

Answer 6

language of the research question

Question 7

Descriptive phenomenon

Answer 7

observation, analysis and description. ( what –> Do)

Question 8

Descriptive observational

Answer 8

QUANTIFY information to numerical data

-‘How many”

Question 9

Relational analytical

Answer 9

-Once the phenomena have been described, specific questions about how factors relate to one another.

’ Is there any relation between gender and higher levels of anxiety and depression’?

Question 10

Experimental Causality

Answer 10

interested whether an intervention or an activity affects something else

( after phenomena described and factors established)

Question 11

what are the two main approaches to a research problem?

Answer 11

Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research

Question 12

Characteristics of quantitative research

Answer 12

• answers to concrete questions
• numbers and facts
• measurable data
• ‘How many/often”, “why”

Question 13

what terms would a quantitively research include?

Answer 13

effect
influence 
correlation 
impact
cause.

Question 14

Characteristics of qualitative research

Answer 14

Exploratory or interrogative research

describe, discover, understand, tries to get ‘under the surface’

verbal data rather than measurements.

subjective., diagnostic, interpretative manner

‘How” or “What”

NOT generalisable

Question 15

Whats the order of the evidence pyramid?

Answer 15

top: systematic reviews and meta analyses of RCT’s
2. RCT
2. cohort studies
3. case-control studies
4. cross-sectional , surveys
5. case reports
6. Mechanistic studies
7. Editorials, expert opinion.

Question 16

Most common observational studies:

Answer 16

case-control : looks at risk factors to see resutls on disease.

prospective cohort:

Retrospective: looks backwards and examines exposure to suspected risk and/or protective factors // outcome is established at the start of the study.

Question 17

What are the different study designs?

Answer 17

Ecological – population - inexpensive- inaccuracy.
Case/ report -small number of cases
Cross-sectional - at 1 time point - large numbers needed, prevalence of multiple predictors and ouctomes.
Case control compares two groups based on outcome / disease
Nested case-control: controsl are random either of controls or all individuals.

cohort: follow a group over time - yields incidence. can control for cofounders. – bias from loss to follow up

clinical trial.

Question 18

two types of cohort studies:

Answer 18

prospective or retrospective.

Question 19

which study is the good for rare cases?

Answer 19

Case reports.

Question 20

disadvantages of case control:

Answer 20

restrospective, more susceptible to bias, difficult to select control group. no prevalence data,