week 2

Question 1

teratogen

Answer 1

birth defects, during fetal development

Question 2

paediatric drug consideration for IM

Answer 2

small muscle mass (non-weigh bearing)
low physical activity
low blood flow to muscle
absorption of IM slower

Question 3

site choice for paediatric IM

Answer 3

vastus lateralis

Question 4

PO considerations in pediatrics

Answer 4

gastric pH in premies
neonates less acidic
acidic drugs are not well absorbed

Question 5

topical consideration for pediatrics

Answer 5

thin skin

absorbed quickly

Question 6

IV/IO consideration for pediatrics

Answer 6

IO is more common - bone drill and set up IV to IO

Question 7

distribution in pediatrics

Answer 7

lower body fat, high water
lipid soluble less distribution
water soluble drugs higher distribution

Question 8

metabolism and excretion in pediatrics

Answer 8

slower elimination

longer duration of drug action

Question 9

incompatibility

Answer 9

mixing two drugs, causes one to become ineffective

Question 10

additive effect

Answer 10

2 or more drugs having same MOA add up

Question 11

summation

Answer 11

2 or more drugs having different MOA, add up

Question 12

synergism

Answer 12

2 or more drugs combine to create effect larger than the sum of individual effects

Question 13

antagonism

Answer 13

effects of 2 or more drugs decrease due to interactions

Question 14

tolerance

Answer 14

decrease drug effects after repeated administration

Question 15

3 types of tolerance

Answer 15

1) metabolic: drug enhances effect of metabolizing enzymes
2) pharmacodynamic: drug will decrease number of active receptors available - down regulation
3) cross tolerance - tolerance btw drugs if same class - due to metabolic or pharmacodynamic tolerance

Question 16

2 types of dependence

Answer 16

1) psychological - lack of drug = unpleasant sensation, no serious complications
2) physiological - lack of drug = measurable changes, even serious complications

Question 17

drug addiction

Answer 17

severe, compulsive drug behaviour - dominates all other activities

Question 18

infusion rate

Answer 18

= (mL of IV solution x # of drops/mL )/ time (min)