week 1 Flashcards
What is pharmacology
study of drugs
what is pharmacodynamics
drugs on living tissue
what is pharmacokinetics
processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
what is pharmacotherapeutics
drugs in treating disease
what is pharmacy
science of preparing, dispensing medicine
what is posology
study of the amount of drug required to produce the therapeutic effects
what is toxicology
harmful effects of drugs on living tissue
what is a drug
any substance that, when administered to living organisms, produces a change in function
what is therapeutic effect
desired effect to alleviate condition or symptom
what is side effect
effect other than therapeutic, usually undesirable but NOT HARMFUL
what is adverse effect
undesirable, potentially harmful drug effect
what is toxic effect
undesirable drug effect, implies drug poisoning - very harmful or life threatening
What is the receptor site
specific location on cell membrane or within cell where the drug attaches to produce an effect
what is an agonist
bind to specific receptors, produce a drug action
what is an antagonist
bind to specific receptor, but do not produce drug action ie// blocking drugs
dose
exact amount of drug required to produce specific effect
ceiling effect
point at which further dose increases = no further effect
effective dose 50
dose will produce effect half of maximal response
onset of action
time of first observable effect
duration of action
length of time where drug concentration adequate to produce observable effects
termination of action
time when drug no longer produces observable effects
chemical name
name given to molecule, detailing bonding and structural details
generic name
shorter name, often derived from chemical name ie// nonproprietary name
trade name
trademarked name
ie// proprietary name
4 categories of pharmacokinetics
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
how must drugs be to cross cell-membranes
un-ionized
acid drugs
unionized in acid environment - readily absorbed
acidic drugs ionized in alkaline environment
basic drugs
unionized in alkaline environment
ionized in acidic environment
3 factors that affect how much drug reaches organ/affected area of body
1) plasma protein binding - only unbound (free) drug molecules can exert pharmacological effect
2) blood flow - higher flow=high exposure
3) blood brain barrier - lipid soluble muscles and drugs can readily pass
what is biotransformation
chemical alteration of drugs and foreign compounds
what is the main organ that metabolizes drugs
liver
first pass metabolism
PO drugs > stomach > portal circulation > liver > bloodstream
DMMS
drug microsomal metabolizing system (enzymes in liver)
enzyme induction
some drugs stimulate DMMS - make more enzymes - more enzymes for metabolism
enzyme inhibition
certain drugs inhibit action and formation of DMMS
increased duration, intensity of inhibited drugs
3 common pathways for drug excretion
renal (urine) - biggest path = water-soluble and ionized
GI (feces)
Respiratory (exhaled)
half life
time required for blood/plasm concentration of drug to decrease to half of original level
- liver and kidney disease have prolonged half life
bioavailability
percentage of dose absorbed into bloodstream
factors affecting bioavailability
drug formulation
route
factors affecting GI absorption
loading dose
initial, higher dose given to attain therapeutic effect
maintenance dose
follow up doses to stay in therapeutic range
8 factors impacting individual variation
age - young and old are more sensitive weight sex - females have more body fat (may have increase reaction to medication) genetic variation emotional state placebo disease processes pt compliance
