WEEK 2&3 LEXICAL AND NON LEXICAL Flashcards by Sarah Faith Cañarejo

component of communication refers to the word or chain of words used to create meaning.

lexical or verbal

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Lexical components are….

words,
parts of words, phrasal verbs, collocations,
idioms,
sentence frames.

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Examples of words

communication aggravate
shuttle
speed along
record

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are a unique meaningful component of speech. Words may be used alone or with others to form a sentence.

Words

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denote a single letter or more, a prefix, or a suffix added to words.

Parts of words

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Examples of Parts of words

s in desks
dis in disagree
es in boxes
re in rearrange
al in national
ion in connection

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are verbs followed by a preposition or an adverb.

Phrasal verbs

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Examples of Phrasal Verbs

drop by
turn off
set forth
reach out
take back
mix up

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are a pair or group of words paired habitually, that they sound correct together.

Collocations

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Examples of Collocations

make coffee
take time
heavy rain
get together
do the laundry
strong winds

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are a group of words that provide a structure or a skeleton for a complete sentence.

Sentence frames

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Examples of Sentence frames

“If ___, then _________.”
“The characters were different because_________.”

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component of communication refers to delivering messages without words

non-lexical or nonverbal

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non-lexical or nonverbal includes:

-body language,
-proxemics,
-paralanguage,
-presuppositions
-cultural and environmental conditions.

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a kind of non-lexical communication where you express ideas or messages using your body.

Body language

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Body language includes:

Gestures
Facial expressions
Eye contact
Body stance

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usually hand or head movements that indicate a specific
meaning or support an idea so you can better persuade your audience.

Gestures

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four techniques for managing facial expressions:

Techniques:
- Intensify (exaggerated facial muscles)
- De-intensify (controlling feelings)
- Neutralize (not showing feelings)
- Mask (with the intention of convincing or persuading others)

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body language using facial muscles. Even without
uttering a word, you can transmit your thoughts to others via facial
expressions. It usually shows emotions such as anger, surprise, contempt,
etc.

Facial expressions

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example of gestures

Examples:
- handshake - pointing finger
- peace sign - fist bump
- tilting the head - head banging
- palms of the hands together

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Gesture is an expression of

approval

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In Bulgaria, when the head is shaken quickly, it means that

the person doing it is
asking you to move along with the topic.

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This technique involves using exaggerated facial muscles to show
strong emotions.

Intensify

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Example of Intensify

Example: A real estate agent closing a deal with a client might smile broadly
with raised eyebrows. She intensifies her facial expression to show strong
emotion, happiness

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This technique involves not showing any feelings while talking to somebody.

Neutralize.

This technique involves controlling your feelings because you might hurt someone, or you do not want people to notice how you feel.

De-intensify

Example of De-intensify

Example: An employee recently promoted might smile less or look less happy if he finds out about the demotion of his colleague. He is de-intensifying his feelings.

This technique involves wanting to convince somebody to do something; when we ask a favor from that person; or when we do not want to hurt his feelings.

Mask

Example of Neutralize.

A boss is reprimanding an employee because the project did not turn out well. This employee may neutralize his expression by not showing any facial expression.

Example of mask

A salesperson is negetiating sponsorship for an event. He might look absorbed and keen while listening to the person he is talking with, but deep inside, he is not interested in the product.

Eye contact

*Monitor visual feedback from your audience. *Don’t simply gaze around the room. Make eye contact randomly – looking at the people at the back of the room as well as those in front. * Be careful that you don’t look at someone too long, making that person uncomfortable.

How you sit or stand in front of a person or an audience, can relay information about your personality traits

Body stance

Burgoon (1978)

"invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual that defines that individual's preferred distance from others"

refers to the study of people’s use of space. It pertains to the nearness or closeness of one communicator to another, or a speaker to a group/audience.

Proxemics

1.5 - 4

personal zone

Example of body stance

Examples: -standing -sitting -looking down - slouching - rigid - upright - chin too high up

Proxemic Zones:

*Intimate *Personal *Social *Public

0 - 1.5

intimate zone

4 - 12

social zone

3 groups of paralanguages

-Vocal characterizers (sounds that can stand alone as symbols) snoring, smiling, crying -Vocal qualifiers (Conveys messages about internal feelings) tone, tempo, etc. -Vocal segregates (frequently observed in natural dialogue) uh-uh

12 - infinity

public zone

alters the meaning and reflects one’s impression of the person he/she is talking with.

Paralanguage

When you see that most of your audience is yawning, it may mean they are bored or uninterested

example of vocal characteristics

Speaking in a song-song beat may mean that you are nervous

Example of vocal qualifiers

(sounds that can stand alone as symbols) snoring, smiling, crying

Vocal characterizers

(Conveys messages about internal feelings) tone, tempo, etc.

Vocal qualifiers

(frequently observed in natural dialogue) uh-uh

Vocal segregates

Presuppositions

an assumption of something you believe is implied in an utterance; it happens without confirmation. When one uses a presupposition, one lessens the words to say. But a presupposition should be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee.

refer to the strength of the influence of various factors in a particular place or time.

Environmental conditions

Example of presuppositions

Gianni no longer enjoys dancing presupposition: Ana sold her car to jerych

Refers to the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time.

Culture

may have the structure of the message you would like to convey,

lexical component

Greatly supports and makes (when used correctly) the spoken language clear

non-lexical component

System of shared aspects that give a group an identity. It is the way of life, the take-for granted rules for how and why we believe and behave as we do.

CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION

Accepted standards of what is right and wrong in a group.

Values

shares values, beliefs, attitudes, and norms that guide on what is considered appropriate among an identifiable group of people.

A cultured group

Values that members profess to uphold. Ex: love,, peace, respect for human rights

Ideal values

refers to the interactions that occur between people whose CULTURES ARE SO DIFFERENT that the communication between them is altered.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

System of shared aspects that give a group an identity.

Culture

Values that guide actual behavior

Real values

Culture is both transmitted and modified through communication:

Dominant Culture Co-Cultural Groups Cultural Identity

A part of your self-concept that is based on how closely you associate with both dominant and co-cultures.

Cultural Identity

Interact with the dominant culture by having either one of three outcomes in mind: assimilation, accommodation, or separation.

Co-Cultural Groups

Hold important positions in the society; therefore, they have control of ideological apparatuses (i.e., media, government)

Dominant Culture

Learned system of norms held by most empowered people in society.

Dominant Culture

Are diverse, from women, people of color, the LGBT community, disabled up to the very old and young.

Co-Cultural Groups

Collectivist Cultures

Value community, collaboration, shared interests, harmony, the public good, and avoiding embarrassment

-Value personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, freedom, -innovation, and self-expression

Individualistic Cultures

American companies were curious about their success. They found out that these Japanese companies have an ideal corporate culture where employees function due to their loyalty, more than just finishing the work tasks. Hence, scholars looked into understanding the culture that constitutes an organization (ex. gossips, artifacts).

Cultural approach to organization

cultures could also differ in terms of the following:

-context -chronemics -Uncertainty Avoidance -Power Distance -Masculinity/Femininity -Long/Short Term Orientation

Context In low-context

ultures, speakers use words to convey meaning. Hence, verbal messages are direct, specific, and detailed (ex. U.S., Germany, and Scandinavia).

Context in high context

cultures, the speaker's message is understood from the context. Here, meanings are conveyed indirectly and can be interpreted accurately through unwritten cultural rules and non- verbal behaviors (ex. Latin America, Asia).

Chronemics Monochronic cultures

view time as a series of small units that occur sequentially. Hence, they value punctuality, deadlines, and uninterrupted time completion.

Uncertainty Avoidance Low uncertainty-avoidance cultures

(ex. U.S., Sweden, and Denmark tolerate uncertainty and are less driven to control unpredictable people, relationships, or events.

Chronemics Polychronic cultures

see time as a continuous flow (ex. Latin America, Arab). Hence, they practice flexible schedules and do several things at once.

Uncertainty Avoidance High uncertainty-avoidance cultures

(ex. Germany, Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium) have a low tolerance for uncertainty. These cultures create systems of formal rules as a way to provide more security and reduce risks.

The _ began when _____organizations successfully moved to ________ in the 70s and 80s,

cultural approach to organization, Japanese, western countries

Power Distance High-power distance cultures

(ex. Middle East countries, Malaysia, Guatemala, Venezuela, and Singapore) view unequal power distribution as usual).

Power Distance Low-power distance cultures

(ex. Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway, and the U.S.) value democracy and egalitarian behavior (equalism).

adheres to traditional gender roles (ex. Mexico, Japan)

Masculine culture

Feminine cultures,

people assume a variety of parts regardless of sex (ex. Sweden, Norway, Denmark)

Countries like the U.S., Pakistan, Russia, and U.K value short-term orientation where value rewards in the here and now. Hence, they emphasize quick results.

Long/Short Term Orientation

Countries like China and Japan emphasize potential future rewards for hard work and perseverance.

Long/Short Term Orientation

What do we do?

-Acquire Accurate Knowledge -Adopt and Appropriate Attitude -Develop Culture-Centered Skills

What could go wrong during intercultural communication?

-Anxiety -Assumed -Similarity/Difference -Ethnocentrism -Stereotyping -Incompatible communication codes, norms, and values

practice listening, intercultural empathy, and develop flexibility

Develop Culture-Centered Skills

We should tolerate ambiguity, be open- minded, and be altruistic

Adopt and Appropriate Attitude

Formal study, observation, and immersion

Acquire Accurate Knowledge