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PSYCH > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The 5 Characteristics of Quality Scientific Research

A

1) Reliability, Objectivity, Validity

2) Bias (using techniques that reduce bias)
3) Generalizability
4) Public (by publishing research)
5) Replicated

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2
Q

Subjective

A

Knowledge of the event being shaped by prior beliefs, expectations, events, experiences or mood.

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3
Q

Objective

A

All scientific experiments strive for objectivity.

Assumption that certain facts of the world can be tested independently from the individual who describes them (the researcher).

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4
Q

Objective Measurements

A

The measurement of an entity or behaviour that is consistent across all instruments and observers.

Usually to a certain degree/margin of error.

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5
Q

Variable

A

An object, concept or event being measured

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6
Q

Self-reporting

A

A method of data collection

Responses are provided directly from the people who are being studied.

Through surveys, interviews, face-to-face, questionnaires, etc).

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7
Q

Operational Definitions

A

Needed in a quality scientific study.

Statements to describe the procedures/operations and specific measures that are used to record operations.

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8
Q

Reliability

A

Consistant, stable results

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9
Q

Validity

A

Measuring what you intended to measure

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10
Q

Generalizability

A

The degree to which results can be applied to real life applications/ individuals or events.

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11
Q

Ecology Validity

A

The degree to which results obtained in a lab study can be repeated in a natural environment.

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12
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

In the 1920’s the Hawthorne Electric Company factory looked at how changing the environment affects productivity. Did not work because factory workers knew they were being watched and changed their behaviour so that productivity increased.

When behaviour changes as a result of being observed.

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13
Q

Single-Blind Study

A

When the participants do not know the purpose of the study or what type of treatment they have received.

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14
Q

Double-Blind Study

A

More effective than a single blind study.

Both the subject and researcher are unaware of the purpose of the study and the type of treatment.

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15
Q

Peer-Review

A

Peers are other experts in the specific field of study.

When submitting research for publication other experts in that field of study critique the research.

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16
Q

Replication

A

The process of repeating an experiment AND getting the same results.

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17
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

An individuals testimony about an observation event that is used to make a claim as evidence.

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18
Q

Appeal to Authority

A

The belief that an “expert’s” claim is the right one when no supporting data or scientific evidence is present.

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19
Q

Appeal to Common Sense

A

A claim that appears to be sound but has no supporting scientific evidence.

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20
Q

Appeal to Tradition

A

“We have always done it that way”

A claim that follows tradition but has no supporting scientific evidence.

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21
Q

Appeal to Novelty

A

“It’s the latest thing”

A claim that seems right because of popularity but has no supporting scientific evidence”

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22
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Variables that are outside of the researchers control that will affect the the results of the study.

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23
Q

Dependant Variables

A

What you are measuring and recording in the experiment.

The variable that “depends” on the independent variable.

24
Q

Independent Variable

A

What the researcher manipulates to distinguish between two groups (control & experimental).

25
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group that is exposed to the independent variable.

26
Q

Control Group

A

Group that does not receive treatment.

Serves as a comparison.

27
Q

Case Study

A

In depth report about the details of a specific case.

28
Q

Quasi-Experimental Research

A

Selection/ assignment is based on predetermined characteristic for the purpose of the study.

Ex: Testing for something only in male gender you must select/assign groups based on gender.

29
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Unobtrusively observing and recording behaviour as it occurs in the subjects’ natural environment.

Can happen anywhere.

30
Q

Correlation Research

A

Testing to see if two variables are somehow related- the degree of association between 2 or more variables.

Correlation does not IMPLY CAUSATION.
Just because two variables are associated does not mean that one is responsible for the other.

31
Q

Scatterplots

A

The way that correlation studies are displayed in a graph form.

32
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Both variables occur together:
increase together
decrease together

Ex: Training and Race Results

33
Q

Negative Correlation

A

The more of one variable the less of the other.
while one increases the other decreases.

Ex: Training and Fatness

34
Q

Random Assignment

A

A technique for dividing samples into 2 or more groups.

35
Q

Convenience Samples

A

Instead of random assignment, researchers use samples that are in groups already.

Example: Psych 100 students for 4th year experiments.

36
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Inadvertent clues given off by the experimenter or the experimental procedure that provide info about how the subject is expected to behave.

Example: heavy backpack study.

37
Q

Placebo Effect

A

A measurable and experienced improvement in health/behaviour that can not be attributed to medication/treatment.

38
Q

Population

A

Group that researchers want to generalize about.

39
Q

Sample

A

Group of population members.

40
Q

Scientific Misconduct

A

When individuals fabricate or manipulate the data to fit the desired results.

41
Q

IRB

A

Institutional Review Board

An organization of officials and researchers that are responsible with the protection of human research participants

42
Q

How does the IRB protect humans?

A

1) Evaluate whether the benefits of the research outweigh the risks posed to volunteers
2) Require volunteers to agree to participate

43
Q

Deception

A

A “white lie” in psych.

Misleading the subject/ only partially informing subjects of the true topic of study or of the hypothesis.

44
Q

Debriefing

A

Fully explaining the nature of the study and also why deception was used.

45
Q

Informed Consent

A

A volunteer must know:

  • all the risks of the study
  • the duration of the study
  • the potential risks
  • what the researcher has done to eliminate those risks
46
Q

Central Tendency

A

Measuring the centre point of distribution by

  • mean
  • median
  • mode
47
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

A set of techniques used to analyze organize summarize and interpret data.

48
Q

Frequency

A

How often something occurs.

49
Q

Hypothesis Test

A

Evaluates whether the differences in groups is meaningful or if it is just due to random chance.

50
Q

Mean

A

The average in the data.

51
Q

Median

A

50th percentile value.

52
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring value.

53
Q

Positively Skewed Distribution

A

When the graph has more values on the left and a tail to the right.

54
Q

Negatively Skewed Distribution

A

When the graph has more values on the right and a tail to the left.

55
Q

Variability

A

The spread of the data.

56
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Measure of the variability AROUND the mean.

57
Q

Statistical Significance

A

Evaluates whether the means are farther apart than you would expect them to be.

PSYCH (15 decks)

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