Week 2 Flashcards
How do you form first impressions?
Automatic interpretations of cues
Correspondent inferences
How does systematic processing
Casual attributions
Using attributions to correct first impressions
Putting it all together: forming complex impressions
Accuracy of considered impressions
Why do we form and remember impressions of individuals?
Understand and predict others behaviour
Give social world meaning
Make sense of sensory information in our world
Guide our behaviour
5 ways we form first impressions?
1) Impressions from behaviour
2) Physical appearance
3) Non-verbal communication
4) Impressions from familiarity (exposure effect can lead to positive feelings).
5) Impressions from environments - contain cues to personality
What is the correlation between physical attractiveness and success?
More physical attractiveness = more successful.
When can people become salient?
- they are novel
- behave in ways not fitted to prior expectations
- told to pay attention to them
What cues automatically interpretated?
Behaviours, traits and social situations.
What is a result of superficial processing?
Correspondent inferences
What is often a result of systematic processing?
Forming an impression based on a consideration of a wider range of information.
Superficial Processing
- Very first impressions
- Minimal effort and thought on bases of just 1 or 2 attributes
- Inner characteristics corresponded directly to observed behaviour
Systematic Processing
- More extensive thought
- Think of causes for behaviour ones that are generally accessible, salient in context, or suggested patterns of available information
- Consider consistency, distinctiveness and consensus of a person’s behaviour
- Casual attributions
What 2 main factors are required in systematic processing?
Motivation and Ability
What are implications of causal attributions?
- Courtroom proceedings: police investigation tapes.
What does Covariation model of attribution assume?
Considers consistancy, directiveness, and consensus of a persons behaviour.
High consistency, high distinctiveness and high consensus = ?
External attribution
Low consistency, low distintiveness, high consensus = ?
Internal Attriibution
Low consistency = ?
Something about a particular time or circumstance.
What is a limitation of Kelley’s attribution theory?
Assumes we have information from multiple experiences (different places and times).
Why does Fundamental Attribution Error occur?
When the situation is not salient when people make attributions for the behaviour of others.
BUT, situation is salient when making attributions for one’s own behaviour.
Why are impressions formed?
Used as a basis for decisions and behaviour.
Why do impressions resist change?
What is this process called?
Because existing impressions shape interpretation of new information. Primary Effect.
What may happen because of Primary Effect?
Impressions may survive even after exposure to discrediting information, creating a perseverance bias.
Can impressions ever fundamentally change?
Yes - when people actually look for change.
No - even when change occurs, origianal representation may still be there. Called - conservatism.
How do quantitative psychologists avoid bias?
Seek construct validity, internal validity and external validity.
