Case Studies Flashcards
Sherif (1939)
Demonstrated that a social group can influence a persons perception and interpretation of physical reality.
Ringelmann (1880’s)
When people worked together to pull on a rope or push a cart, they put less effort into the task than when they worked alone.
Triplett (1898)
Swimmers and cyclists performed better when performing with rivals than when practising alone.
Carney at al., 2007
Assessments of personality generally take around 60 seconds.
Ambady et al., 2006
Assessments of liklihood someone would be an effective salesperson took around 30 seconds.
Zubrowitz et al., 2002 and shevlin et al., 2003
Accuracy in determining traits based on a head/shoulders photograph include: intelligence (Z), extraversion, neuroticism, and pychoism (S).
Walster, Aronson, Abrahams and Rottman 1966
College students were set up on a blind date. Best predictor = date’s physical attractiveness
Dion et al., 1972
BUT
Agthe et al 2011
Attractive people rated as having a more socially desirable personality, greater marital competence, and higher occupational status.
BUT
Not always the case when looking at ratings of the same sex.
Asch’s configurable model 1946
We use all available information in a dynamic way. Ps list of trait words describing an imaginary person.
List A = warm (positive - halo effect) List B = cold (negative) . List C = Polite. List D = Blunt. Pps rated on semantic differential scales.
A + B = central traits - influenced
C + D = peripheral traits - did not influence.
Kelley 1950
Ps changed behaviour towards an unknown lecturer if heard in advance if they were warm vs cold.
Zajonc’s 1968: Mere exposure effect
Individuals grow to like people the more they see them, even if never interacted before.
Moreland and Beach 1992
4 women attend varying number of sessions in large college course. Those seen more were rated as warm and intelligent - people would like to meet them.
Jones and Davis 1965
What were the 3 factors affecting correspondent inferences?
Theory of correspondent inference explains how people infer that a person’s behaviour corresponds to an underlying trait.
Correspondent inferences depend on 3 factors: 1) was there free choice? 2) the behaviour normal or expected in the situation? 3) did they intend the action to achieve something?
Taylor and Fiske 1975
Demonstrated impact of salience on attribution.
6 pps watched conversation between 2 people. Arranged seating = each pps had different view. Attributed greater casual role to person they directly faced. (dominating interaction, dictating their tone - higher ratings).
Kelly’s Covariation Model of Attribution
Explains how we use social perception to attribute behaviour to internal (personality) vs external (situational) factors.
Rosenthal et al., 1968 - Self-fulfilment prophecy
Random children referred to as “bloomers”, teachers thought this was an academic ability. Those who identified as “bloomers” at the beginning of the semester did perform better than their peers at the end of the semester.
Heider, 1958 - All naive psychologists (3 points)
- look for causes and reasons for peoples behaviour
- construct casual theories
- distinguish between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributes.
Self-perception theory (Bern, 1967)
We use our behaviour as a basis for inference.
The ‘Looking Glass Effect’ (Coolie, 1902)
We learn who we are through interactions with others.
