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The Study of Human Interaction > Key Words > Flashcards

Key Words Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of the effects of social and cognitive processes on the way individuals perceive, influence, and relate to others.

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2
Q

Social Processes

A

The ways in which input from the people and groups around us affect our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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3
Q

Cognitive Processes

A

The ways in which our memories, perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and motives influence our understanding of the world and guide our actions.

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4
Q

Construction of Reality

A

The axiom that each person’s view of reality is a construction, shaped both by cognitive processes and by social processes.

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5
Q

Pervasiveness of Social Influence

A

The axiom that other people influence virtually all of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour, whether those others are physically present or not.

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6
Q

Seeking Connectedness

A

The motivational principle that people seek support, liking, and acceptance from the people and groups they care about and value.

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7
Q

Scientific Theory

A

A statement that satisfies three requirements: it is about constructs, it describes casual relations and it is general in scope, although the range of generality for different theories.

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8
Q

Constructs

A

Abstract and general concepts that are used in theories and that are not directly observable.

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9
Q

Construct Validity

A

The extent to which a test measure correspond to the theoretical constructs under investigation.

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10
Q

Internal Validity

A

The extent to which it can be concluded that changes in the IV actually caused changes in the DV in a research study.

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11
Q

Non-experimental Research

A

A research design in which both the IV and DV are measured.

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12
Q

Experimental Research

A

A research design in which researchers randomly assign participants to different groups and manipulate one or more IV’s.

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13
Q

Random Assignment

A

The procedure of assigning participants to different experimental groups so that every participant has exactly the same chance as every other participant of being in any given group.

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14
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which research results can be generalised to other appropriate people, times, and settings.

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15
Q

Cognitive Representation

A

A body of knowledge that an individual has stored in memory.

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16
Q

Salience

A

The ability of a cue to attract attention in its context.

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17
Q

Association

A

A link between two or more cognitive representations.

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18
Q

Accessibility

A

The processing principle that the information that is most readily available generally has the most impact on thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.

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19
Q

Priming

A

The activation of a cognitive representation to increase its accessibility and thus the likelihood that it will be used.

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20
Q

Kelley’s Attribution Theory

A

People decide what attributions to make after considering the consistency, distinctiveness and consensus of a person’s behaviour.

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21
Q

Correspondent Inference

A

The process of characterising someone as having a personality trait that corresponds to his or her observed behaviour.

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22
Q

Correspondence Bias

A

The tendency to infer an actor’s personal characteristics from observed behaviours, even when the inference is unjustified because other possible causes of the behaviour exist.

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23
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Bias in attributing another’s behaviour more to internal tan to situational causes.

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24
Q

Superficial Processing

A

Relying on accessible information to make inferences or judgements, while expanding little effort in processing.

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25
Q

Systematic Processing

A

Giving thorough, effortful consideration to a wide range of information relevant to a judgement.

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26
Q

Casual Attribuition

A

A judgement about the cause of a behaviour or other event.

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27
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

The process by which one person’s expectations about another become reality by eliciting behaviours that confirm the expectations.

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28
Q

Exchange Relationship

A

A relationship in which people exchange rewards in order to receive benefits in return.

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29
Q

Cost-reward Ratio

A

Tenet of social exchange theory, according to which liking for another is determined by calculating what it will cost to be reinforced by the other individual.

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30
Q

Communal Relationship

A

A relationship in which people reward their partner out of direct concern and to show caring.

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31
Q

Interdependence

A

A situation in which each person’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviours influence those of other people.

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32
Q

Close Relationship

A

A relationship involving strong and frequent interdependence in many domains of life.

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33
Q

Intimacy

A

A positive emotional bond that includes understanding and support.

34
Q

Commitment

A

The combined forces that hold the partners together in an enduring relationship.

35
Q

Attachment Style

A

People’s basic securely attached, avoidant, or anxious orientation toward others in close relationships.

36
Q

Social Support

A

Emotional and physical coping resources provided by other people.

37
Q

Health Concordance

A

Researchers have found that couples often have similar or concordant health statuses.

38
Q

Health Concordant Behaviours

A

Couples are highly consistent in the healthy/unhealthy behaviours they perform, and a change in one partner’s health behaviour is often associated with a change in the other partner’s behaviour.

39
Q

Behavioural Convergence

A

Those in relationships share a lifestyle as well as common stressors, e.g. common living environment, pool resources, eat together, share social networks.

40
Q

Cortisol

A

A hormone that regulates a wide range of processes throughout the body.

41
Q

How does different cortisol levels affect the body?

A

Elevated levels can interfere with learning and memory. Also associated with lower immune function, increased weight gain, higher blood pressure, cholesterol, and increased risk of heart disease.

42
Q

Intimacy Groups

A

Groups that are closely tied together.

43
Q

Task Groups

A

Groups that come together temporarily to achieve a specific goal.

44
Q

Common Bond Groups

A

Members have close personal bonds within the group.

45
Q

Common Identity Groups

A

Members have close personal ties to the group itself.

46
Q

Group Socialisation

A

The dynamic nature of a group over time, coming together to meet each other’s needs and accomplish goals.

47
Q

Social Norms

A

The uniformities of behaviour and attitudes that determine, organise and differentiate groups from other groups.

48
Q

Descriptive Norms

A

Norms that most people follow, whether they are right or wrong.

49
Q

Injunctive Norms

A

Norms that are perceived as being approved of by other people.

50
Q

Social Roles

A

Shared expectations of how people in a group are supposed to behave.

51
Q

Deviants (Marginal Group Members)

A

People who have deviated too far from the group norms.

52
Q

Imposters

A

People who pose as legitimate group member but are not posing a threat to the group.

53
Q

Compliance

A

People do as they are asked and required by formal regulations, but without changing their beliefs.

54
Q

Obedience

A

People do as they told by an authority figure.

55
Q

Normative Influence

A

Conforming to the positive expectations of other people, to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

56
Q

Informational Influence

A

Through a desire to be correct, in times of uncertainty other are used as a source of information and can lead to acceptance/conversion.

57
Q

Diachronic Consistency

A

Each member of the minority must not waver in their opinion, in order to show stability over time.

58
Q

Synchronic Consistency

A

All members of the minority group have the same opinion, so are displaying stability across the group and it’s members.

59
Q

Social Group

A

Two or more people who share some common characteristic that is socially meaningful for themselves or for others.

60
Q

Social Categorization

A

The process of identifying individual people as members of a social group because they share certain features that are typical of the group.

61
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

People perceive a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviours) even when no such relationship exists.

62
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

Theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self categorisation, social comparison, and the shared construction of a shared self-definition in terms of in-group defining properties.

63
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

Reaction time test to measure attitudes - particulary unpopular attitudes that people might conceal.

64
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

A

Tendency to see people within a same group as being more “similar” than they really are.

65
Q

Motives Behind Stereotyping

A

Mastery, connectedness, justifying the social structure.

66
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Search for, interpret, favour, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs.

67
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

Based on their stereotypes, people treat others in ways that elicit stereotypic behaviour.

68
Q

Just World Hypothesis

A

People have a need to believe that their environment is a just and orderly place, where people usually get what they deserve.

69
Q

Tokenism

A

Performing positive actions towards members of minority or disadvantaged groups as a reflection to the discrimination they suffer.

70
Q

Affirmative Action

A

A collective name for policies designed to promote the employment of people from disadvantaged minority groups.

71
Q

Positive Feedback Bias

A

The process of giving more positive feedback (or less critical feedback) on work believed to have been performed by a minority group member rather than a majority group member.

72
Q

Contact Hypothesis

A

The theory that certain types of direct contact between members of hostile groups will reduce stereotyping and prejudice.

73
Q

Extended Contact Effect

A

Finding that people are less prejudiced if they are friends with an ingroup member who they know to have good friendships with outgroup members.

74
Q

Imagined Contact Effect

A

Merely imagining positive encounters with people of minority groups will make people feel more positive towards that group.

75
Q

Stress

A

The physiological or psychological response to internal or external stressors.

76
Q

Stressor

A

An environmental stimulus or event that causes stress.

77
Q

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) 1) Who was it founded by
2) Date founded
3) What is it

A

Founded by - Holmes and Rahe,
1967
A measurement of stress based on life events.

78
Q

Social Support

A

The provision of assistance or comfort to others, typically to help cope with biological, psychological, and social stressors.

79
Q

The Buffering Hypothesis

A

The protection against stressful experiences that is afforded by an individual’s social support.

80
Q

Impression

A

A cognitive representation (shortcut). Stored in memory, creates schema.

81
Q

Discounting

A

Perciever revises their initial beliefs about the cause of a behaviour because there is another viable cause. BUT discounting requires some cognitive effort.

The Study of Human Interaction (12 decks)

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