Week 15 Quiz

Question 1

What is a localized infection?

Answer 1

Limited to a small area

Question 2

What is a systemic infection?

Answer 2

Throughout the body

Question 3

Viremia, bacteremia, toxemia, etc. means…

Answer 3

Circulating in the bloodstream

Question 4

A microbe that causes disease in otherwise healthy individuals

Answer 4

Primary pathogen

Question 5

What could live normally with humans but causes disease when the body’s innate or adaptive defenses are weak?

Answer 5

Opportunistic pathogen

Question 6

Time between infection and onset

Answer 6

Incubation period

Question 7

Recuperation/recovery from disease

Answer 7

Convalescence

Question 8

Number of microbes needed to establish infection

Answer 8

Infectious dose

Question 9

Diseases easily spread from one host to another

Answer 9

Communicable/contagious

Question 10

Harbor/spread infection in absence of signs or symptoms

Answer 10

Carriers

Question 11

What is the chain of infection?

Answer 11

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

Question 12

Defined as the relative ability of a pathogen to cause infection (disease producing power)

Answer 12

Virulence

Question 13

The principal habitat in which a pathogen lives, flourishes, and is able to multiply

Answer 13

Reservoir

Question 14

Exit via vomiting,diarrhea, or biting

Answer 14

Alimentary

Question 15

Exit via sexual transmission

Answer 15

Genitourinary

Question 16

Transmission from mother to fetus

Answer 16

Transplacental

Question 17

Indirect transmission from… (Spiders, flies, etc.)

Answer 17

Anthropods

Question 18

What is Koch’s postulate #1?

Answer 18

Microorganism is present in every case of disease

Question 19

What is Koch’s postulate #2?

Answer 19

Organism must be grown in pure culture from diseased host

Question 20

What is Koch’s postulate #3?

Answer 20

Same disease can be produced when pure culture is introduced into susceptible hosts

Question 21

What is Koch’s postulate #4?

Answer 21

Organisms must be recovered from experimentally infected hosts

Question 22

What is the first step in establishing infection?

Answer 22

Adherence

Question 23

What can microbes produce to bind to iron?

Answer 23

Siderophores

Question 24

True or false - microbes must avoid IgA antibodies to establish infection?

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Which is easier? Penetrating the skin or penetrating the mucous membranes

Answer 25

Penetrating the mucous membranes

Question 26

What is able to split IgA (found in mucus, secretions)

Answer 26

IgA protease

Question 27

Name for altering of surface antigens to stay ahead of antibody production

Answer 27

Antigenic variation

Question 28

Strategy where pathogen covers surface with molecules similar to those found in host cell

Answer 28

Mimicking host molecules

Question 29

What produces direct bacterial damage to the host?

Answer 29

Toxins

Question 30

What produces indirect bacterial damage to the host?

Answer 30

Immune response

Question 31

What do neurotoxins target?

Answer 31

Nervous system

Question 32

What do Enterotoxins target?

Answer 32

Intestinal disturbance

Question 33

What do cytotoxins target?

Answer 33

Variety of cell types

Question 34

What is the A part in A-B toxins?

Answer 34

Active subunit (toxic, usually an enzyme)

Question 35

What is the B part of A-B toxins?

Answer 35

B subunit (binds to cell, determines cell type to be infected)

Question 36

Which membrane-damaging toxin is inserted into membranes and forms pores?

Answer 36

Pore-forming toxins

Question 37

Which membrane-damaging toxins hydrolyze phospholipids of membrane?

Answer 37

Phospholipases

Question 38

Stimulate high number of T helper cells, causing “cytokine storm”

Answer 38

Superantigens

Question 39

True or false - exotoxins can come from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Which species of bacteria can be the source of endotoxins?

Answer 40

Gram-negative only

Question 41

Where are exotoxins synthesized?

Answer 41

Cytoplasm

Question 42

Where are endotoxins located?

Answer 42

Component of outer membrane of the Gram-negative cell wall

Question 43

Number of new cases in a place

Answer 43

Incidence

Question 44

Total # of cases (old and new)

Answer 44

Prevalence

Question 45

Number of people living with the disease

Answer 45

Morbidity

Question 46

Number of deaths

Answer 46

Mortality

Question 47

Unusual, higher than normal # of cases

Answer 47

Outbreak

Question 48

Disease exists in a particular place or among a particular group of people

Answer 48

Endemic

Question 49

Disease widespread in a community

Answer 49

Epidemic

Question 50

Disease widespread globally (epidemic with a passport)

Answer 50

Pandemic

Question 51

What are three ways infectious agents can be transmitted in hospitals?

Answer 51

Medical devices, direct transmission, environment/fomites

Question 52

How do skin infections occur?

Answer 52

When pathogens are carried to skin by bloodstream after entry from the respiratory system

Question 53

What does SALT stand for?

Answer 53

Skin-associated lymphatic tissue

Question 54

What is the surface layer of skin made from layers of flat cells?

Answer 54

Epidermis

Question 55

What is the layer of connective tissue?

Answer 55

Dermis

Question 56

What is below the dermis?

Answer 56

Subcutaneous tissue

Question 57

What Gram + rods cause oily-forehead, upper chest and back acne

Answer 57

Diphtheroids

Question 58

Tiny lipid-dependent yeasts present on human skin from late childhood onward (dandruff)

Answer 58

Malassezia species

Question 59

What is the causative agent of chickenpox?

Answer 59

Varicella-zoster, enveloped, double stranded DNA virus

Question 60

Causative agent of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 60

P. aeruginosa, gram negative, opportunistic, pigmented (biofilm)

Question 61

What is the effector protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that can interfere with host cell signaling?

Answer 61

Exoenzyme S

Question 62

What toxin can P. aeruginosa produce to halt cell protein synthesis?

Answer 62

Toxin A