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Microbio > Week 15 Quiz > Flashcards

Week 15 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What is a localized infection?

A

Limited to a small area

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2
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

Throughout the body

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3
Q

Viremia, bacteremia, toxemia, etc. means…

A

Circulating in the bloodstream

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4
Q

A microbe that causes disease in otherwise healthy individuals

A

Primary pathogen

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5
Q

What could live normally with humans but causes disease when the body’s innate or adaptive defenses are weak?

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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6
Q

Time between infection and onset

A

Incubation period

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7
Q

Recuperation/recovery from disease

A

Convalescence

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8
Q

Number of microbes needed to establish infection

A

Infectious dose

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9
Q

Diseases easily spread from one host to another

A

Communicable/contagious

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10
Q

Harbor/spread infection in absence of signs or symptoms

A

Carriers

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11
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

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12
Q

Defined as the relative ability of a pathogen to cause infection (disease producing power)

A

Virulence

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13
Q

The principal habitat in which a pathogen lives, flourishes, and is able to multiply

A

Reservoir

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14
Q

Exit via vomiting,diarrhea, or biting

A

Alimentary

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15
Q

Exit via sexual transmission

A

Genitourinary

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16
Q

Transmission from mother to fetus

A

Transplacental

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17
Q

Indirect transmission from… (Spiders, flies, etc.)

A

Anthropods

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18
Q

What is Koch’s postulate #1?

A

Microorganism is present in every case of disease

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19
Q

What is Koch’s postulate #2?

A

Organism must be grown in pure culture from diseased host

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20
Q

What is Koch’s postulate #3?

A

Same disease can be produced when pure culture is introduced into susceptible hosts

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21
Q

What is Koch’s postulate #4?

A

Organisms must be recovered from experimentally infected hosts

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22
Q

What is the first step in establishing infection?

A

Adherence

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23
Q

What can microbes produce to bind to iron?

A

Siderophores

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24
Q

True or false - microbes must avoid IgA antibodies to establish infection?

A

True

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25
Q

Which is easier? Penetrating the skin or penetrating the mucous membranes

A

Penetrating the mucous membranes

26
Q

What is able to split IgA (found in mucus, secretions)

A

IgA protease

27
Q

Name for altering of surface antigens to stay ahead of antibody production

A

Antigenic variation

28
Q

Strategy where pathogen covers surface with molecules similar to those found in host cell

A

Mimicking host molecules

29
Q

What produces direct bacterial damage to the host?

A

Toxins

30
Q

What produces indirect bacterial damage to the host?

A

Immune response

31
Q

What do neurotoxins target?

A

Nervous system

32
Q

What do Enterotoxins target?

A

Intestinal disturbance

33
Q

What do cytotoxins target?

A

Variety of cell types

34
Q

What is the A part in A-B toxins?

A

Active subunit (toxic, usually an enzyme)

35
Q

What is the B part of A-B toxins?

A

B subunit (binds to cell, determines cell type to be infected)

36
Q

Which membrane-damaging toxin is inserted into membranes and forms pores?

A

Pore-forming toxins

37
Q

Which membrane-damaging toxins hydrolyze phospholipids of membrane?

A

Phospholipases

38
Q

Stimulate high number of T helper cells, causing “cytokine storm”

A

Superantigens

39
Q

True or false - exotoxins can come from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

A

True

40
Q

Which species of bacteria can be the source of endotoxins?

A

Gram-negative only

41
Q

Where are exotoxins synthesized?

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

Where are endotoxins located?

A

Component of outer membrane of the Gram-negative cell wall

43
Q

Number of new cases in a place

A

Incidence

44
Q

Total # of cases (old and new)

A

Prevalence

45
Q

Number of people living with the disease

A

Morbidity

46
Q

Number of deaths

A

Mortality

47
Q

Unusual, higher than normal # of cases

A

Outbreak

48
Q

Disease exists in a particular place or among a particular group of people

A

Endemic

49
Q

Disease widespread in a community

A

Epidemic

50
Q

Disease widespread globally (epidemic with a passport)

A

Pandemic

51
Q

What are three ways infectious agents can be transmitted in hospitals?

A

Medical devices, direct transmission, environment/fomites

52
Q

How do skin infections occur?

A

When pathogens are carried to skin by bloodstream after entry from the respiratory system

53
Q

What does SALT stand for?

A

Skin-associated lymphatic tissue

54
Q

What is the surface layer of skin made from layers of flat cells?

A

Epidermis

55
Q

What is the layer of connective tissue?

A

Dermis

56
Q

What is below the dermis?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

57
Q

What Gram + rods cause oily-forehead, upper chest and back acne

A

Diphtheroids

58
Q

Tiny lipid-dependent yeasts present on human skin from late childhood onward (dandruff)

A

Malassezia species

59
Q

What is the causative agent of chickenpox?

A

Varicella-zoster, enveloped, double stranded DNA virus

60
Q

Causative agent of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

P. aeruginosa, gram negative, opportunistic, pigmented (biofilm)

61
Q

What is the effector protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that can interfere with host cell signaling?

A

Exoenzyme S

62
Q

What toxin can P. aeruginosa produce to halt cell protein synthesis?

A

Toxin A

Microbio (10 decks)

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