Week 13: Prosocial Behaviours and Aggression

Question 1

___ ___ is any act performed with the goal of benefitting another person.

Answer 1

Prosocial behaviour

Question 2

___ is the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper.

Answer 2

Altruism

Question 3

___ ___ is the idea that behaviours that help a genetic relative are favoured by natural selection.

Answer 3

Kin selection

Question 4

The ___ ___ ___ is the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.

Answer 4

norm of reciprocity

Question 5

A study done by Burnstein, Crandall, & Kitayama (1994) showed that people, regardless of gender or nationality, preferred to help genetic relatives than nonrelatives in life-and-death situations, but did not report that they would be more likely to help if the situation was nonlife-threatening.

This supports the ___ theory.

a) natural selection
b) kin selection
c) norm of reciprocity
d) altruism

Answer 5

b) kin selection

Question 6

Which theory goes most against prosocial behaviours or altruism?

a) Darwin’s theory of evolution
b) Bowlby’s attachment theory
c) Bandura’s social learning theory
d) Bern’s self-perception theory

Answer 6

a) Darwin’s theory of evolution

Question 7

___ ___ is the theory that natural selection also operates at the group level, not only on individuals.

Answer 7

Group selection

Question 8

Linking the social exchange theory to prosocial behaviour, people in their relationships try to ___ the ratio of social rewards to social costs.

a) maximise
b) normalise
c) minimise
d) decrease

Answer 8

a) maximise

Question 9

What would a social exchange theorist suggest about true altruism?

a) True altruism does not exist, people help when the benefits outweigh the costs
b) True altruism is possible, if there is an equilibrium between benefits and costs
c) True altruism exists as we help people despite it being costly to us
d) It is impossible to determine the veracity of true altruism

Answer 9

a) True altruism does not exist, people help when the benefits outweigh the costs

Question 10

___ is the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them.

Answer 10

Empathy

Question 11

Batson’s ___-___ hypothesis suggests that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain.

Answer 11

empathy-altruism

Question 12

Asyiqin notices her colleague holding a stack of documents fall down and drop the documents all over the flow. Asyiqin feels empathy towards her colleague. What is most likely to happen next?

a) Asyiqin will only help if it is in her self-interest to do so
b) Asyiqin will help regardless of whether it is in her self-interest to do so
c) Asyiqin would randomly decide whether to help or not
d) Asyiqin would decide not to help at all to avoid being perceived as the one that caused the fall

Answer 12

b) Asyiqin will help regardless of whether it is in her self-interest to do so

Question 13

Helping is an instinctive reaction to promote the welfare of those genetically similar to us is a concept of ____.

a) social exchange theory
b) evolutionary psychology
c) empathy-altruism hypothesis
d) tit-for-tat strategy

Answer 13

b) evolutionary psychology

Question 14

“Under some conditions, powerful feelings of empathy and compassion for the victim prompt selfless giving.”
This statement best aligns with ___.

a) social exchange theory
b) evolutionary psychology
c) empathy-altruism hypothesis
d) tit-for-tat strategy

Answer 14

c) empathy-altruism hypothesis

Question 14

“The rewards of helping often outweigh the costs, so helping is in our self-interest.” This statement best aligns with ___

a) social exchange theory
b) evolutionary psychology
c) empathy-altruism hypothesis
d) tit-for-tat strategy

Answer 14

a) social exchange theory

Question 15

All of the following are examples of altruistic behavior, except

a. Jamie gives $50 to a homeless woman when he was walking down the street alone.
b. Muhamad anonymously donates $500 to an animal shelter.
c. Lee publicly announces in his class that he will donate $80 toward the class fund.
d. Jonathan agrees to be a voluntary organ donor

Answer 15

c. Lee publicly announces in his class that he will donate $80 toward the class fund.

Question 16

Evolutionary psychology would have the most trouble explaining which of the following incidents?

a. When Usha was in a building that caught on fire, she let everyone else exit before her, even though she didn’t know them.
b. Clint risks his life to save his nephew who was drowning.
c. Natasha runs in front of a moving car to keep her daughter from being hit.
d. When Julio was put in the unfortunate situation of saving his cousin or his son in a boating accident, he chose to save his son.

Answer 16

a. When Usha was in a building that caught on fire, she let everyone else exit before her, even though she didn’t know them.

Question 17

According to social exchange theory, which of the following people is most likely to give money to a homeless person?

a. Jade, who feels empathy for the homeless person
b. Bill, who wants to impress his date by helping the homeless person
c. Jack, who is related to the homeless person
d. Emma, who has a genetic predisposition for helping people

Answer 17

b. Bill, who wants to impress his date by helping the homeless person

Question 18

Which one of the following reasons makes Phillip act altruistically?

a. Because he feels empathetic for persons in pain.
b. Because he wants to be popular among his peers.
c. Because he yearns for an esteemed social status.
d. Because he wants to feel confident about himself.

Answer 18

a. Because he feels empathetic for person in pain.

Question 19

People with an ___ ___ possess qualities that cause themselves to help others in a wide variety of situations.

Answer 19

altruistic personality

Question 20

You are more likely to help ___ members rather than ___ members.

a) in-group, out-group
b) out-group, in-group

Answer 20

a) in-group, out-group

Question 21

A religious person is most likely to help another person if that person

a) was an atheist
b) shared the same values
c) had opposing values
d) was a random stranger

Answer 21

b) shared the same values

Question 22

Which of the following is true?

a. People with high scores on tests of altruism are not that much more likely to help another person than people with low scores.
b. People with high scores on tests of altruism are much more likely to help another person than people with low
scores.
c. If a person has an altruistic personality, then they are quite likely to overcome situational pressures preventing
them from helping someone.
d. The genes for an altruistic personality have been identified by evolutionary psychologists.

Answer 22

a. People with high scores on tests of altruism are not that much more likely to help another person than people with low scores.

Question 23

Your friend needs assistance in hosting a party; you help her because _________. You assist your elderly neighbour in crossing the road; you help her because _________.

a. it makes you feel good; you empathize with her
b. it makes you feel good; it makes an impression
c. you empathize with her; it makes you feel good
d. it makes an impression; it makes you feel good

Answer 23

a. it makes you feel good; you empathize with her

Question 24

Which of the following does not explain why people in a good mood are more likely to help others? a. It makes us behave in an ideal manner. b. It prolongs one’s good mood. c. It makes us see the bright side of life. d. It tends to pass on to others.

Answer 24

d. It tends to pass on to others.

Question 25

Which of the following is true? a. You are less likely to help if you are feeling happy. b. You are less likely to help if you are feeling sad. c. You are more likely to help if you are not feeling confident about something. d. You are more likely to help if you are feeling either happy or sad.

Answer 25

d. You are more likely to help if you are feeling either happy or sad.

Question 26

___ ___ hypothesis is the theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they will keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it.

Answer 26

Urban overload

Question 27

In which scenarios are you least likely to help out a person? a) If a person falls down in New York and you have been living in New York the past 10 years b) If a person falls down in Little Rock and you have been living in Little Rock the past 10 years c) If a person falls down in New York and you have been living in New York the past 2 years b) If a person falls down in Little Rock and you have been living in Little Rock the past 2 years

Answer 27

a) If a person falls down in New York and you have been living in New York the past 10 years

Question 28

___ ___ is the finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help.

Answer 28

Bystander effect

Question 29

Latane and Darley (1970) developed a five-step tree that describes how people decide to intervene in an emergency. What are these 5 steps in order? a) Interpreting Event as Emergency, Noticing an Event, Knowing How to Help, Assuming Responsibility, Deciding to Implement Help b) Noticing an Event, Interpreting Event as Emergency, Assuming Responsibility, Knowing How to Help, Deciding to Implement Help c) Noticing an Event, Assuming Responsibility, Interpreting Event as Emergency, Knowing How to Help, Deciding to Implement Help d) Interpreting Event as Emergency, Noticing an Event, Assuming Responsibility, Deciding to Implement Help, Knowing How to Help

Answer 29

b) Noticing an Event, Interpreting Event as Emergency, Assuming Responsibility, Knowing How to Help, Deciding to Implement Help

Question 30

___ ___ is a case whereby people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not.

Answer 30

Pluralistic ignorance

Question 31

___ ___ ___ is the phenomenon wherein each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases.

Answer 31

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 32

Prosocial behaviour is more common in people living in small towns than in big cities because a. children who grow up in big cities fail to internalize social norms governing interdependent behaviour, which leads them to being less likely to help others as adults. b. people in small towns are more affected by the bystander intervention effect. c. in urban settings it is less likely for the victim and the potential helper to be sharing the same socio-demographics. d. being mentally overloaded and exhausted in crowded areas (for e.g., in big cities), people are less inclined to help others in order to avoid being overwhelmed.

Answer 32

d. being mentally overloaded and exhausted in crowded areas (for e.g., in big cities), people are less inclined to help others in order to avoid being overwhelmed.

Question 33

Which one of the following is not part of the Bystander Intervention Decision Tree? a. Having an altruistic personality b. Interpreting an event as an emergency c. Assuming responsibility d. Knowing the appropriate form of assistance

Answer 33

a. Having an altruistic personality

Question 34

A woman collapses at a bus stop. Jane suspects it to be a heat stroke and understands that immediate intervention is required, but she does not intervene. What could be the likely cause? a. Jane is very sure about the end result. b. Jane is experiencing the standing effect. c. Jane does not feel qualified to help. d. Jane is a long-time resident of the area.

Answer 34

c. Jane does not feel qualified to help.

Question 35

A person who plays a prosocial video game or listens to a prosocial song is likely to be more cooperative. What could be the possible reasons for this behaviour? a. Increase in accessibility of helping thoughts; enhancement of their good mood. b. Increase in their empathy; increase in accessibility of helping thoughts. c. Increase in their integrity; enhancement of their good mood. d. Increase in accessibility of pleasant thoughts; feeling compelled to do a kind deed.

Answer 35

b. Increase in their empathy; increase in accessibility of helping thoughts.

Question 36

Just the awareness of the bystander effect can __ a) make someone more susceptible to the effect, similar to stereotype threat b) make someone less susceptible to the effect and actually take action c) cause someone to feel more cynical about the world d) cause someone to feel empowered for a better world

Answer 36

b) make someone less susceptible to the effect and actually take action

Question 37

Jack notices an old man struggling with his baggage at the airport. He offers to help, but the man promptly refuses. Which of the following explains why people may not always like to be helped? a. Majority of the people like to do their tasks themselves. b. Taking help may not always be ideal. c. Taking help may make people feel incompetent. d. Taking help would mean interdependence.

Answer 37

c. Taking help may make people feel incompetent.

Question 38

On his way to work, Bob witnesses a young boy getting beat up by a group of men. The boy is left bleeding profusely. Under which of the following scenarios is Bob most likely to help? a. He reminds himself to overcome his inhibitions and do the right thing. b. He makes eye contact with fellow passengers. c. He has plenty of spare time. d. He calls up his friend and narrates the incident.

Answer 38

a. He reminds himself to overcome his inhibitions and do the right thing.

Question 39

Rita enjoys baking cookies every Sunday for a children’s orphanage. She gets immense satisfaction by looking at their happy faces. Of late, her family has often urged her to start baking on a large scale for the neighbourhood and charge money for her goodies. Soon Rita starts to lose interest in baking the cookies and does not feel like doing it anymore. Which of the following best explains this situation? a. Bystander effect b. Pluralistic ignorance c. Halo effect d. Overjustification effect

Answer 39

d. Overjustification effect

Question 40

Which of the following is not a way in which evolutionary theory explains prosocial behaviour? a. Social exchange b. Kin selection c. Reciprocity norm d. Group selection

Answer 40

a. Social exchange

Question 41

Brian rescues a bird that is stuck in a broken window and badly injured. He takes the bird to a vet, where proper medical attention is given to it. Brian takes good care of the bird till it is fit to fly again. According to the social exchange theory, why do people help? a. People often get distressed to see others in trouble and help others at least in part to relieve their own distress. b. When people feel empathy toward others, they help, provided there is something in it for them. c. Helping others gives a sense of joy and uplifts one’s mood, which spills over to other activities. d. Helping is an innate reaction that surfaces when we see others in distress.

Answer 41

a. People often get distressed to see others in trouble and help others at least in part to relieve their own distress.

Question 42

Research on prosocial behaviour finds that religious people: a. help others more than nonreligious people do in virtually all ways. b. show more compassion toward needy strangers than do nonreligious people. c. are more likely to help than other people are if the person in need of shares their beliefs, but are not more likely to help strangers. d. actually help others less than do nonreligious people.

Answer 42

c. are more likely to help than other people are if the person in need of shares their beliefs, but are not more likely to help strangers.

Question 43

Betty has won the best student award in her class. It is a proud moment for her. Nevertheless she is in a sad mood because her best friend, who helped her during the semester, did not get good grades. On her way back, Betty comes across a man who looks pale and hungry. How likely is Betty to help the man and why? a. Very likely because helping the man will make her feel good. b. Very unlikely because she may not even notice the man. c. Very likely because helping the man may uplift her mood. d. Very unlikely because she is feeling miserable and in no mood to help.

Answer 43

a. Very likely because helping the man will make her feel good.

Question 44

When a situation is ambiguous, people are less likely to help because a. they lose interest in the situation due to emotional indifference. b. they assume that they don’t have enough knowledge in order to be of help. c. they are from small towns. d. they fall victim to pluralistic ignorance and worry that their judgment was wrong.

Answer 44

d. they fall victim to pluralistic ignorance and worry that their judgment was wrong.

Question 45

Which of the following is not a reason why being in a good mood tends to increase prosocial behaviour? a. Good moods make us view situations more positively, and thus we are more likely to give people the benefit of the doubt. b. Helping prolongs good moods. c. Good moods make us pay more attention to the possible rewards for helping. d. Good moods increase how much attention we pay to ourselves, which makes us more likely to act according to our values.

Answer 45

c. Good moods make us pay more attention to the possible rewards for helping.

Question 46

Which of the following is false about prosocial behaviours? a. The more people engage in an online chatroom, the more likely they are to help. b. Prosocial video games can elicit helping behaviours. c. Songs with prosocial lyrics are useful in promoting prosocial behavior. d. People may not evaluate the benefits and cost of helping before they decide to help or not.

Answer 46

a. The more people engage in an online chatroom, the more likely they are to help.

Question 47

Inside the public library were Mary and a few other people working on their own. Some were reading while others were laying their heads down against the tables for a good nap. As Mary was studying, she felt a sharp pain in her head and, within seconds, fell unconscious against her desk, making her look like one of the nappers. Worse, Mary received no help from anyone around her even though it was clear that Mary was leaning only slightly against her desk. According to the five-step model of help, it is likely that people around Mary failed to help her because a. they were not aware of the presence of Mary at all. b. they did not know Mary was in critical condition. c. they knew Mary was in critical condition but did not know how to help. d. they knew Mary was in critical condition but thought others would step up to help.

Answer 47

b. they did not know Mary was in critical condition.

Question 48

Which of the following is true about prosocial behaviour? a. How often people have moved from one place to another influences how helpful they are. b. There is no effect of personality on prosocial behaviour. c. Being in a bad mood decreases prosocial behaviour. d. Being in a good mood decreases prosocial behaviour.

Answer 48

c. Being in a bad mood decreases prosocial behaviour.

Question 49

Which of the following behaviour is least likely to elicit a prosocial behaviour toward someone in need of help? a. Singling out one person from the crowd to ask for help. b. Making it amply clear that it is an emergency situation. c. Displaying one’s bloody wounds to evoke empathy. d. Asking for help from someone who does not seem too busy

Answer 49

d. Asking for help from someone who does not seem too busy

Question 50

___ is an intentional behaviour aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person.

Answer 50

Aggression

Question 51

___ aggression is aggression stemming from feelings of anger with the goal of inflicting pain or injury.

Answer 51

Hostile

Question 52

___ aggression is aggression that is done as a means to achieve some goal other than causing pain.

Answer 52

Instrumental

Question 53

The ____ hypothesis states that testosterone and aggression are only related when opportunities for reproduction are high.

Answer 53

challenge

Question 54

The ____ hypothesis states that testosterone relates to dominance-seeking behaviour only when the stress hormone, cortisol, is not elevated.

Answer 54

dual-hormone

Question 55

A ___ ___ ___ refers to how when a man's reputation for toughness is on the line, he is required to respond aggressively to restore his status.

Answer 55

culture of honour

Question 56

The ___-___ theory is states that frustration, the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal, increases the probability of an aggressive response.

Answer 56

frustration-aggression

Question 57

___ ___ is the increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon.

Answer 57

Weapons effect

Question 58

____ ____ is the act of harming another person through the manipulation of relationships, usually in covert acts as spreading false rumours or talking behind someone's back.

Answer 58

Relational aggression

Question 59

Harsh punishment to control aggressive behaviour usually backfires because the children tend to: a. become more aggressive and antisocial over time. b. pass on their aggression to their peers. c. get hooked on to violent games to retaliate. d. stop defending themselves and get bullied.

Answer 59

a. become more aggressive and antisocial over time.