Week 1 (Introduction and Methods of Social Psychology)

Question 1

__________________ __________________ encompasses situations in which a minority position on a given topic is wrongly perceived to be the majority position.

Answer 1

Pluralistic ignorance

Question 2

__________________ __________________ is how thoughts and behaviours can be shaped by the actual or imagined presence of others.

Answer 2

Social psychology

Question 3

__________________ __________________ is the effect that words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behaviour.

Answer 3

Social influence

Question 4

______________ questions are questions where answers should be derived from experimentation or measurement rather than by personal opinion.

Answer 4

Empirical

Question 5

A main question of _________________ _________________ is what mental activities would emerge in mind when we find ourselves in a specific environment.

Answer 5

social psychology

Question 6

_________________ __________________ attempts to explain social behaviours in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection.

Answer 6

Evolutionary psychology

Question 7

Explaining people’s behaviour in terms of their traits is the work of personality psychologists, who generally focus on ____________________ ___________________, which are aspects of people’s personalities that make them different from others.

Answer 7

individual differences

Question 8

Social psychologists believe that behaviour can be largely explained by ____________ _______________.

Answer 8

social influence

Question 9

For a social psychologist, the level of analysis is the individual in the context of a social situation - particularly the individual’s ____________ of a situation, which is how people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world.

Answer 9

construal

Question 10

In _________________ the level of analysis is the group, institution, or society at large, whereas in _________________ _________________ it is the individual within a group, institution, or society.

Answer 10

sociology, social psychology

Question 11

______________ ______________ __________________ is used to point to the location, size, or scale of a research target.

Answer 11

Level of analysis

Question 12

The goal of social psychology is to identify ________________ _________________ that make almost everyone susceptible to social influence, regardless of social class or culture.

Answer 12

psychological properties

Question 13

Social psychology and _______________ share an interest in the way that the situation and the larger society influence behaviour.

Answer 13

sociology

Question 14

Social psychology and ______________ _____________ share an interest in the psychology of the individual.

Answer 14

personality psychology

Question 15

_____________________ _____________________ is the study of the characteristics that make individuals unique and different from one another.

Answer 15

Personality psychology

Question 16

________________ ___________________ is the study of the psychological processes people have in common that make them susceptible to social influence.

Answer 16

Social psychology

Question 17

___________________ _____________________ ___________________ is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behaviour is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors.

Answer 17

Fundamental attribution error

Question 18

__________________ is a school of psychology maintaining that to understand human behaviour, one only needs to consider the reinforcing properties of the environment.

Answer 18

Behaviourism

Question 19

When behaviour is followed by a reward (such as money, attention, praise. or other benefits), it is likely to __________; when a behaviour is followed by a punishment (such as pain, loss, or angry shouts), it is likely to __________, or become __________________.

Answer 19

continue, stop, extinguished.

Question 20

Behavioural psychologists, believed that all behaviour could be understood by examining the ______________ and _______________ in the organism’s environment.

Answer 20

rewards and punishments

Question 21

__________________ __________________ is a school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in people’s minds (the ___________) rather than the objective, physical attributes of the object.

Answer 21

Gestalt Psychology, gestalt

Question 22

According to ____________ psychology, one must focus on the phenomenology of the perceivers - on how an object appears to them - instead of on its objective components.

Answer 22

Gestalt

Question 23

_____________ ____________ is the conviction that we perceive things “as they really are, “ underestimating how much we are interpreting or “spinning” what we see.

Answer 23

Naive realism

Question 24

Social psychologists emphasize the importance of 3 central motives in steering people’s construals: the ________ motive (the need to feel good about ourselves), the ______ _______ motive (the need to be accurate in social information to make judgements and decisions), and the _____ _____ motive (the need to form social bonds with others)

Answer 24

self-esteem, social cognition, social belongingness

Question 25

The ________ motive, or the need to feel good about ourselves, generally relate to why people do things in order to maintain their positive evaluation of their own self-worth, the extent to which they vie themselves as good, competent, and decent.

Answer 25

self-esteem

Question 26

_____________ ____________ is the study of how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgements and decisions.

Answer 26

Social cognition

Question 27

_______________ _______________ is the tendency for people to exaggerate, after knowing that something occurred, how much they could have predicted it before it occurred.

Answer 27

Hindsight bias

Question 28

Many studies by social psychologists can stem from either _____________ or _______________from previous theories and research, a researcher might believe that there is a better way of explaining people's behaviour.

Answer 28

inspiration, dissatisfaction

Question 29

Studies can come about with _______________ we encounter in everyday life. Researchers often observe something which they find curious or interesting, stimulating them to construct theories as to why this ______________ occurred.

Answer 29

phenomena, phenomenon

Question 30

In social psychology, there are 3 different types of research methods, ___________________, __________________ and ___________________.

Answer 30

observational, correlational and experimental.

Question 31

The __________________ method of research is a technique whereby the researcher only observes people and systematically records measurements or impressions of their behaviour.

Answer 31

observational

Question 32

____________________ is an observational research method whereby the researcher attempts to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside, without imposing any pre-conceived notions they might have.

Answer 32

Ethnography

Question 33

_____________ _____________ is a form of an observational research method where the researcher examines the accumulated documents, or archives, of a culture (e.g., diaries, novels, magazines, and newspapers).

Answer 33

Archival analysis

Question 34

__________________ can be understood as an approach for transforming observations from ambiguity or vagueness to precision.

Answer 34

Systematicity

Question 35

________________ claims are claims that say some truth about the world, however, they are too vague and imprecise for scientific standards.

Answer 35

General

Question 36

Construals can also come from the need for _______________, which is the experience that you are interacting effectively with the environment.

Answer 36

effectance

Question 37

A limitation of the observational method is that it only ___________ the behaviour, it does not fully explain it.

Answer 37

describes

Question 38

A limitation of the observational method is that some behaviours are ____________ to observe as they occur rarely or only in private.

Answer 38

difficult

Question 39

The _________________ method of research is a technique whereby two or more variables (and the relationship between them) are systematically measured.

Answer 39

correlational

Question 40

The _____________ _____________ is a statistical technique that assesses how well you can predict one variable from another.

Answer 40

correlation coefficient

Question 41

The correlation coefficient can range from ___________ to ____________, reflecting either a _____________ correlation or a _____________ correlation depending on the value.

Answer 41

-1 to 1, negative, positive

Question 42

The analysis of the results of _______________, in which a representative sample of people are asked (often anonymously) questions about their attitudes or behaviour, is a popular correlational method.

Answer 42

surveys

Question 43

_________________ _________________ is a method used in surveys to ensure that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

Answer 43

Random selection

Question 44

Correlation does not equal to or prove _______________.

Answer 44

causation

Question 45

The _________________ method is a method in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable (the one thought to have a causal effect on people's responses).

Answer 45

experimental

Question 46

A/an ________________ variable is the variable in which the researcher changes or manipulates to see if it has an effect on another variable, usually the _____________ variable.

Answer 46

independent, dependent

Question 47

The ________________ variable is a variable which the researchers measure to see if it is influenced by the ________________ variable.

Answer 47

dependent, independent

Question 48

_________________ _______________ is a process that ensures all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment. Researchers then can be relatively certain that differences in the participants' personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditions.

Answer 48

Random assignment

Question 49

__________________ _________________ is the extent to which you can be confident that a cause-and-effect relationship established in a study cannot be explained by other factors.

Answer 49

Internal validity

Question 50

Random assignment to conditions in an experiment can help to increase the ______________ validity of the experiment.

Answer 50

internal

Question 51

______________ ______________ is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalised to other situations and to other people.

Answer 51

External validity

Question 52

Generalisability across _______________ is the extent to which we can generalize ______________ constructed by an experimenter to real-life ______________.

Answer 52

situations

Question 53

Generalisability across ___________ is the extent which we can generalize from ____________ who participated in the experiment to ____________ in general.

Answer 53

people

Question 54

__________________ __________________ is the extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life.

Answer 54

Psychological realism

Question 55

A ___________ ___________ is a description of the purpose of a study, given to participants, that is different from its true purpose and is used to maintain psychological realism.

Answer 55

cover story

Question 56

______________ experiments are experiments that are conducted in natural settings rather than in the laboratory. These experiments are usually used to increase the external validity of an experiment.

Answer 56

Field

Question 57

The trade-off between internal and external validity in conducting research is referred to as the _______________ _______________ of the social psychologist.

Answer 57

basic dilemma

Question 58

Why does the 'basic dilemma of the social psychologist' occur?

Answer 58

It is difficult to do one experiment that is both high in internal validity and in external validity at the same time.

Question 59

___________-___________ or ___________-___________ reliability is a measure of how consistent ratings or judgements between different raters or judges are in research studies.

Answer 59

Inter-rater or inter-judge

Question 60

_________________, where a study is repeated, often with different subject populations or in different settings, is a method which can be used to test the external validity of an experiment.

Answer 60

Replications

Question 61

____________-_____________ is a statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable.

Answer 61

Meta-analysis

Question 62

______________ research are studies that are designed to find the best answer to the question of why people behave as they do. They are conducted purely for reasons of intellectual curiosity.

Answer 62

Basic

Question 63

______________ research are studies that are designed to solve a particular social problem. Building a theory of behaviour is usually secondary to solving the specific problem.

Answer 63

Applied

Question 64

_____________-_______________ research is research conducted with members of different cultures, to see whether the psychological processes of interest are present in both cultures or whether they are specific to the culture in which people were raised.

Answer 64

Cross-cultural

Question 65

________________ _______________ is where a participant agrees to participate in an experiment after being granted full awareness of the nature of the experiment, which has been explained in advance.

Answer 65

Informed consent

Question 66

A _____________ experiment is when the experiment involves misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that transpire.

Answer 66

deception

Question 67

When deception is used in a study, the a post-experimental interview will be conducted called a ______________. This is where the true purpose of the study and what exactly transpired during the experiment is explained to the participants.

Answer 67

debriefing