Week 5: The Self

Question 1

___________________ is the process whereby people ask themselves about their own thoughts, feelings, and motives.

Answer 1

Introspection

Question 2

Introspection is sometimes _______________ and _______________ influenced by biases.

Answer 2

inaccurate and easily

Question 3

The ___________________ theory refers to how we determine our attitudes and feelings by observing and interpreting the meaning of your own behaviours and the context in which these behaviours appear.

Answer 3

self-perception

Question 4

_______________ _______________ refers to the desire to engage in a behaviour as we genuinely found it enjoyable or meaningful, and not because of rewards or punishment.

Answer 4

Intrinsic motivation

Question 5

________________ ________________ refers to when we engage or perform a behaviour due to external reasons, such as rewards and punishment, and not because it was enjoyable or meaningful to us.

Answer 5

Extrinsic motivation

Question 6

______________ _______________ is the idea that self-control or willpower draws upon a limited pool of mental resources that can be used up.

Answer 6

Ego depletion

Question 7

The _________________ is the overall set of beliefs that people have about their own personal attributes.

Answer 7

self-concept

Question 8

A/An ___________________ view of the self is a way of defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people.

Answer 8

independent

Question 9

A/An __________________ view of the self is a way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people, recognizing that one’s behaviour is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others.

Answer 9

interdependent

Question 10

_________________ is one of the main functions of the self, it is the way we understand who we are and how we formulate and organise this information.

Answer 10

Self-knowledge

Question 11

_________________ is one of the main functions of the self, it is the way we make plans and execute decisions. It is also known as the ability to subdue immediate desires to achieve long-term goals.

Answer 11

Self-control

Question 12

________________ _________________ is one of the main functions of the self, it is the way we present ourselves to other people and get them to see us the way we want to be seen.

Answer 12

Impression management

Question 13

____________________ is one of the main functions of the self, it is the way in which we try to maintain positive views of ourselves.

Answer 13

Self-esteem

Question 14

When asked to complete sentences beginning with “I am….” people with an independent view of the self tend to focus more on __________________, whereas people with an interdependent view of the self are more likely to refer to _________________.

a) social relationships; personal values
b) concrete values; abstract values
c) social relationships; personal values
d) personal values; social relationships

Answer 14

d) personal values; social relationships

Question 15

Jessica described herself with a list of statements such as “I am a daughter,” “I am quiet when I am with my colleagues,” and “When I am the assistant director of X company, I would try to do my best always.” Jessica is most likely a person from an __________________ culture.

a) independent
b) interdependent
c) international
d) interrelated

Answer 15

b) interdependent

Question 16

The _________________ ________________ is the idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviour to their internal standards and values.

Answer 16

self-awareness theory

Question 17

_________________ is the direction of conscious attention on oneself and one’s thoughts, needs, desires, and emotions.

Answer 17

Self-focus

Question 18

____________ ____________ are the theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviours; often we learn such theories from our culture (e.g., “absence makes the heart grow fonder”).

Answer 18

Causal theories

Question 19

____________________ is the ability to recognize oneself as an individual separated from the environment and other people.

Answer 19

Self-awareness

Question 20

___________________ theory is the theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs.

Answer 20

Self-perception

Question 21

Stanley Schachter’s ______________ theory of emotion is the idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal, and then seek an appropriate explanation for it.

Answer 21

two-factor

Question 22

_________________ ______________ ________________ is the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way that they do.

Answer 22

Misattribution of arousal

Question 23

The results of Dutton and Aron’s (1974) bridge experiment had more men who were interviewed at the bridge call the woman instead of the one at the park, this is possibly an example of a __________________ __________________ ________________.

Answer 23

misattribution of arousal

Question 24

The _____________ _____________ is the tendency for people to view their behaviour as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons.

Answer 24

overjustification effect

Question 25

____________________ rewards are rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done.

Answer 25

Task-contingent

Question 26

________________ rewards are rewards that are based on how well we perform a task.

Answer 26

Performance-contingent

Question 27

A ___________ mindset is the idea that we have a set amount of an ability and it is rigid and unable to change.

Answer 27

fixed

Question 28

A ___________ mindset is the idea that achievement is the result of hard work, trying new strategies, and seeking input from others.

Answer 28

growth

Question 29

_____________ _____________ theory is the idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people.

Answer 29

Social comparison

Question 30

____________ social comparison is when one compares themselves to people who are better than them with regards to a particular trait or ability.

Answer 30

Upwards

Question 31

_____________ social comparison is when one compares themselves to people who are worse than they are with regard to a particular trait or ability.

Answer 31

Downwards

Question 32

A vast majority of cancer patients compared themselves to other patients who were more ill than they were, presumably as a way of making themselves feel more optimistic about the course of their own disease. This is an example of a ____________ _______________ ________________.

Answer 32

downwards social comparison

Question 33

___________ ____________ is a process whereby people adopt the attitude of another person.

Answer 33

Social tuning

Question 34

________________ _______________ are when one makes specific plans about where, when, and how they will fulfil a goal and avoid temptations.

Answer 34

Implementation intentions

Question 35

_______________ _______________ is the attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen.

Answer 35

Impression management

Question 36

________________ is a impression management strategy whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likeable to another person, often of higher status than them.

Answer 36

Ingratiation

Question 37

______________ is a impression management strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses form themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves.

Answer 37

Self-handicapping

Question 38

_______________ ________________ is the process whereby people act in ways that reduce the likelihood that they will succeed in a task, so that if they fail, they can blame it on the obstacles they created rather than on their lack of ability.

Answer 38

Behavioural self-handicapping

Question 39

Joe has a mathematics exam coming up, he decides to stay up late and watch videos on Youtube. Joe finds out that he did poorly on the exam and when asked why, he mentioned that his poor performance was a result of his lack of sleep rather than his lack of mathematical ability. This is an example of ________________ ________________.

Answer 39

behavioural self-handicapping

Question 40

__________________ __________________ is when people devise ready-made excuses in situations where they fail.

Answer 40

Reported self-handicapping

Question 41

Jennifer was in a bad mood while taking an exam. Jennifer did not perform as well as she expected for the exam. When asked why, she mentioned that she was not in a good mood during the exam, hence she did not perform well. This is an example of ______________ _________________.

Answer 41

reported self-handicapping

Question 42

Sometimes, focusing on ourselves would result in us highlighting the gap between who we are and who we're supposed to be. This recognition of the gap motivates us to consider two options: 1. Change ourselves for the _____________ 2. Escape from thinking about _______________

Answer 42

better, ourselves

Question 43

Weiwei watches Pokemon shows daily on Netflix and is interested in collecting cards. He is sure that he loves Pokemon and does not need to observe his past behaviour to figure this out. John only engages in some Pokemon media occasionally, he is interested in collecting cards but not as much as Weiwei. His feelings about Pokemon are murky, hence he uses his past behaviour as a guide to how he feels about Pokemon. This is in-line with the ________________ ______________.

Answer 43

self-perception theory

Question 44

A study by Greene, Sternberg, & Lepper (1976) looked at the amount of reading time children spent on. This was measured 3 times: once in the initial phase (baseline), once during the reward program, and once after a follow-up when the reward program had ceased. It was found that reading time did increase during the reward program, however, there was a sharp decline during the follow-up after the rewards had ceased. This is an example of the ______________ ____________.

Answer 44

overjustification effect

Question 45

_________________ rewards will likely invite overjustification over __________________ rewards.

Answer 45

Task-contingent rewards will likely invite overjustification over performance-contingent rewards.

Question 46

________ _______ involves consciously controlling the information you present to others to cultivate a specific desired impression, influencing how they perceive you and, potentially, how they interact with you

Answer 46

Strategic self-presentation