Week 4: Social Perception

Question 1

______________ _______________ is the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people.

Answer 1

Social perception

Question 2

Social perception is about explaining why others _____________ as they do, the desire to understand people is so fundamental that it carries over into our recreational lives.

Answer 2

behave

Question 3

Much of our daily mental energy is devoted to analyzing other people, thinking about other individuals and their behaviour helps us ________________ and ______________ our social universe.

Answer 3

understand, predict

Question 4

Facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, movement, touch, and gaze, are examples of _________ communication.

Answer 4

nonverbal communication

Question 5

____________________ ____________________ refers to the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words.

Answer 5

Nonverbal communication

Question 6

__________________ __________________ serve a variety of functions in communication such as expressing our emotions, attitudes, and personality.

For example, expressing anger by furrowing your eyebrow and narrowing your eyes.

Answer 6

Nonverbal cues

Question 7

Charles Darwin believed that primary emotions conveyed by facial expressions were ________________. These 6 primary emotions are: ____________, ____________, ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________.

Answer 7

universal

anger, happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, and sadness

Question 8

It is believed that all humans ___________ emotions, which is to express or emit nonverbal behaviour, such as smiling.

Answer 8

encode

Question 9

It is believed that all humans are able to ____________ emotions, which is to interpret the meaning of nonverbal behaviour that other people express, with comparable accuracy. An example is deciding that a smile was disingenuous.

Answer 9

decode

Question 10

A tribe in New Guinea called the Fore were able to match facial expressions of emotion to stories of American men and women expressing the six primary emotions.

This research yielded evidence that the ability to interpret the six major emotions is ____________________.

Answer 10

cross-cultural

Question 11

_______________ _______________ are facial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion.

Answer 11

Affect blends

Question 12

_______________ _______________ are culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviours are appropriate to display.

Answer 12

Display rules

Question 13

Japanese norms often lead people to cover up negative facial expressions with smiles and laughter and, in general, to display fewer facial expressions. This is an example of a ______________ ______________.

Answer 13

display rule

Question 14

_____________ are nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture, usually having direct verbal translations, such as the OK sign.

Answer 14

Emblems

Question 15

Each culture has devised its own emblems, and these are not necessarily understandable to people from other cultures. This means that emblems are not considered ______________.

Answer 15

universal/cross-cultural

Question 16

Research has indicated that we form initial impressions of others based solely on their _____________ __________________ in less than 100 milliseconds.

Answer 16

facial expressions

Question 17

____________________ is when someone draws meaningful conclusions about another person’s personality of skills based on an extremely brief sample of behaviour.

Answer 17

Thin-slicing

Question 18

A research was done comparing thin-sliced impressions of a professor to perceptions of students who spent an entire semester with the professor. They found that there was a ________________ ________________ between them.

Answer 18

significant correlation

Question 19

When trying to understand other people, we tend to use just a few observations of a person as a starting point and then, using our ____________, create a much fuller understanding of the person.

Answer 19

schemas

Question 20

________________ ________________ is when the first traits we perceive in others influence how we view information that we learn about them later.

Answer 20

Primacy effect

Question 21

Keith is described as intelligent and hardworking, but critical and stubborn.

Kevin is described as stubborn and critical, but intelligent and hardworking.

Research indicated that Keith is usually described in a more positive light whereas Kevin is usually described in a more negative light.

This is an example of a _________________ ________________.

Answer 21

primacy effect

Question 22

_______________ _______________ is the tendency to stick with an initial judgement even in the face of new information that should prompt us to reconsider.

Answer 22

Belief perseverance

Question 23

A study indicated that jurors have a hard time disregarding evidence that was ruled inadmissible. This is an example of _________________ _________________.

Answer 23

belief perseverance

Question 24

__________________ __________________ is a description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behaviour.

Answer 24

Attribution theory

Question 25

_________________ _________________ is the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as their attitude, character, or personality.

Answer 25

Internal attribution

Question 26

_________________ _________________ is the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in, with the assumption that most people would respond the same way in that situation.

Answer 26

External attribution

Question 27

Our impressions of a person can be very different depending on the type of attribution we make. For example, when a father yells at a daughter, we may form a negative impression if we make a/an ___________ attribution about the father, whereas we may not have much of an impression if we attribute his actions to a/an _____________ attribution.

Answer 27

internal, external

Question 28

Harold Kelley developed the ________________ model, which is a theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behaviour, we note the pattern between when the behaviour occurs, and the presence of absence of possible causal factors.

Answer 28

covariation

Question 29

Harold Kelley identified three key types of covariation information that we examine when forming an attribution, these three key types are _______________, ________________, and ________________.

Answer 29

consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.

Question 30

_______________ information is the extent to which other people behave the same way towards the same stimulus as the actor does.

Answer 30

Consensus

Question 31

_________________ information is the extent to which a particular actor behaves in the same way towards different stimuli.

Answer 31

Distinctiveness

Question 32

_______________ information is the extent to which the behaviour between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances.

Answer 32

Consistency

Question 33

According to Harold Kelley's theory, it is difficult to make an internal or external attribution when consistency is ______ - when the actor and stimulus in question do not always produce the same outcome.

Answer 33

low

Question 34

Using Harold Kelley's covariation model, if there is low consensus and distinctiveness information, but high consistency information, we are more likely to make an ____________ attribution about a behaviour.

Answer 34

Internal

Question 35

Using Harold Kelley's covariation model, if there is high consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information, we are more likely to make an _______________ attribution.

Answer 35

external

Question 36

Using Harold Kelley's covariation model, even if there is ______ consensus and distinctiveness information, we would not make any attribution if the consistency information is low.

Answer 36

high

Question 37

What is fundamental attribution error?

Answer 37

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people’s behavior results from internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors.

Question 38

Another name for the fundamental attribution error is _________________ _________________.

Answer 38

correspondence bias

Question 39

______________ ______________ is the seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention.

Answer 39

Perceptual salience

Question 40

The ________________ __________________ process is whereby one analyzes another person's behaviour first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behaviour.

Answer 40

two-step attribution

Question 41

________________ attributions are attributions for one's successes that credit internal, situational factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors.

Answer 41

Self-serving

Question 42

________ _______ _______ _______ _______ is a defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people.

Answer 42

Belief in a just world

Question 43

__________________ can be displayed through gestures such as tilting one's head downward, with lowered and V-shaped eyebrows.

Answer 43

Dominance

Question 44

The _____________ of the perceived face and ourselves can affect the way you perceive a person. Faces that are closer may be perceived to be more hostile or angry as we have a protection mechanism regarding personal space.

Answer 44

location

Question 45

_____________________ relates to or denoting non-lexical elements of communication by speech. For example, volume and tone of voice of voice.

Answer 45

Paralinguistics

Question 46

_________________ __________________ is the tendency to perceive information in a way that favours ourselves over others. For example, attributing the failures of ourselves due to situational factors and attributing the failures of others due to dispositional factors.

Answer 46

Self-serving bias

Question 47

The _____________ _______________ ______________ is the tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are.

Answer 47

bias blind spot

Question 48

The ___________ thinking style focuses on the properties of objects (or people) while paying much less attention to the context or situation that surrounds that object.

Answer 48

analytic

Question 49

The analytic thinking style is more common in __________________ cultures than in __________________ cultures.

Answer 49

individualistic, collectivistic

Question 50

The ____________ ___________ ____________ effect is a cognitive bias where people tend to perceive their own abilities, attributes, and personality traits as being above the average.

Answer 50

better than average

Question 51

The ____________ thinking style focuses more on the "whole picture" - the object (or person) and the context that surrounds the object as well as the relationships that exists between them.

Answer 51

holistic

Question 52

The holistic thinking style is more common in ______________ cultures rather than ______________ cultures.

Answer 52

collectivistic, individualistic

Question 53

People in individualistic cultures prefer _______________ attributions about others, whereas people in collectivistic cultures prefer ______________ attributions.

Answer 53

dispositional, situational

Question 54

_________________ _________________ is the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event.

Answer 54

Event-related potential

Question 55

Goto et al., (2010, 2013) used event-related potentials (ERP) to measure brain activity among individuals from different cultures. The pattern of ERPs indicated that the European American participants paid more attention to the (target/context?), while the East Asian American participants paid more attention to the (target/context?).

Answer 55

European American participants paid more attention to the TARGET, while east Asian American participants paid more attention to the CONTEXT

Question 56

The social perception of emotions happens almost instantaneously, it is based almost exclusively on ___________ ____________ thinking, which is effortless and quick.

Answer 56

System 1

Question 57

__________ are a form of body language that can involve various bodily movements to convey specific information or direction. They are highly subject to interpretations based on generational and cultural differences.

Answer 57

Gestures

Question 58

The two-step process of attributions can involve "attributional corrections" by considering the possible role of situational factors. However, these corrections are _______ likely to happen if: 1. We are in a rush 2. We are tired or cognitively busy 3. We don't care about being accurate 4. We trust a behaviour at face value

Answer 58

less

Question 59

____________ attributions are explanations for behaviour that avoid feeling vulnerable or dreadful. Beliefs in a just world is an example of this attribution.

Answer 59

Defensive