Week 12

Question 1

Saladin

Answer 1

Abuyid Dynasty leader

Question 2

The Ottomans

Answer 2

A modest family who belonged to the Seljuk dynasty. With the use of firearms, they had a major advantage over Mamluks.

Question 3

Ottoman Ideology

Answer 3

Believed they were continuing the legacy of Genghis Khan and Sunni muslims. They were against Shi’ites and Christians. Restore Abbasid dynasty.

Question 4

Ottoman and Byzantines

Answer 4

The Ottomans conquered the Byzantine empire in Constantinople.

Question 5

Janissaries

Answer 5

Elite troops, often Christian children.

Question 6

Protectors of Sunni Mulsims

Answer 6

Ottoman believed they fit this role when extending rule to Christian states. Especially under Sulayman.

Question 7

Ulama and Sufi Masters in Ottoman Empire

Answer 7

Scholars in Islamic hierarchy. They were supported by the state along with sufi masters and therefore could not criticize it.

Question 8

Safavid Dynasty

Answer 8

A dynasty in Iran that originally started to overthrow Sunni rulers This was successful under Isma’il.

Question 9

Isma’il

Answer 9

Led Safavid dynasty to overthrow Sunnis. Some believed he was mahdi.

Question 10

Twelver Shi’ism and Iran

Answer 10

Became state religion under Isma’il. They glorified Shi’i heroes (Ali, Fatima, Hasan, Husayn) The tradegy at Karbala became national holiday.

Question 11

Shah Abbas

Answer 11

A Safavid ruler who claimed to be hidden imam. Integrated Ulama into Iranian society.

Question 12

Moguls

Answer 12

An Indian dynasty established in 1500s by descendents of Genghis Khan. Tried to accommodate the Hindu majority.

Question 13

Akbar

Answer 13

A leader during the Mogul dynasty. Also created Ulama system. Tried to create a universalist view of religion in India.
Ulama people didn’t like that.

Question 14

Aurangzeb

Answer 14

Ruler during Mogul dynasty. Unlike Akbar, heavily favoured Muslim, and tried to convert Hindus.

Question 15

Colonialism in Muslim World

Answer 15

Began in the 1600s.

Napoleon started in Egypt in 1798. European nations trying to compete with each other.

Question 16

Muhammad Ali

Answer 16

Ruler of Egypt in 1805-1848. Attempted to modernize his military.

Question 17

Ulama in Egypt during Colonization

Answer 17

Became dependent on the state and couldn’t criticize it. Though they had a lot of conflict with Muhammad Ali.

Question 18

Impact of Colonization of Egypt

Answer 18

It created two tiers of society. One that benefitted from the free trade with the West, and the poor Muslim communities. Shared very different beliefs and cultures.

Question 19

Tajdid and Islah

Answer 19

Renewal and Reform

The movement that address the need for Muslims to align with modernity.

Question 20

Traditionalist

Answer 20

There was anti-movement to modernism. These people were the majority, and wanted to return to pre-colonial period.

Question 21

Wahabi

Answer 21

An example of a fundamentalist reform. Wanted to restore Islam to its original purity. Is now the foundation of Saudi Arabia.

Question 22

Abd al-Wahhab

Answer 22

Born in central Arabia, he studied with Ulama, in many countries and became the founder of Wahabi. He was very radical in his belief that all other forms of Islam were bid’a.

Question 23

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani

Answer 23

An anti-colonialist who converted to Sunni from Shi’ism. Thought Islam must take on technologies of the west while staying true to their faith.

Question 24

The Firmest Bond

Answer 24

A journal by al-Afghani and Abudh, which al-Afghani used to fuel his anti-Westernization movement.

Question 25

Revolutionary Agenda

Answer 25

Al-Afghani’s revolutionary militarism. He tried to unite all Muslims against the West.

Question 26

Muhammad Abudh

Answer 26

Originally a Sufi reformist intellectual. Became more engaged in society after meeting al-Afghani. Was very active in the fight against British colonizers in Egypt. Believed education was key to liberalization.

Question 27

al-Afghani and Abduh

Answer 27

Created the Firmest Bond journal. They criticized Muslims states for ignorance of Muslim foundations, and their despotism.

Question 28

Conflict with Ulama

Answer 28

With his reformations of Azhar university, condemning polygamy, and condemning Sufism, he ran into a lot of conflict with the Ulama in Egypt.

Question 29

Muhammad Rashid Rida

Answer 29

Student of Abduh, but was more conservative. He wrote the Beacon, a journal which reached Muslims everywhere. Wanted to restore original Islam and do away with Ulama.