Week 12 Flashcards
Modality
Photoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors
Noxious
Receptor Potentials
Potentials generated by direct or indirect depolarization of the sensory cell
Sensory Coding
Signals received by receptors are coded into signals that the brain can interpret (digital combinatorial)
Sensory Adaptation
Sensory receptors become less sensitive in continued presence of stimulus
1
Olfactory Tract
Axons of mitral cells that carry olfactory information to the cortex
2
Mitral Cell
3
Glomerulus
Bundles of synapses between sensory neurons and mitral cells
4
Olfactory nerve
5
Olfactory sensory neurons
Cilia protrude downwards into nasal cavity; Axons protrude upwards and synapse with mitral cells.
Cilia are covered in chemoreceptor protein GPCRs
Transduction
Environmental stimulus becomes something the nervous system can interpret
Auricle
Helps direct sounds
External Acoustic Meatus
Directs sound waves to tympanic membrane
Tympanic membrane
Transfers wound wave to ossicles
Auditory ossicles
Three bones that transmit the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea
Oval Window
Transmits sound waves to cochlea
Cochlea
Contains hair cells; responds to sound vibrations
Round Window
Allows fluid in cochlea to move/vibrate
Auditory Tube
Connects with nasal passages
Semicircular Canals
Detects angular acceleration
Amplitude
Vertical distance between peak and valley sound wave (pressure)
Pitch
Perception of the frequency of sound waves in Hz
Amplitude
Loud Vs. Soft
1
Oval Window
2
Cochlea
1
Olfactory Tract
2
Mitral Cell
3
Glomerulus
4
Olfactory Nerve
5
Olfactory Sensory Neurons
GPCRS
G-Protein Coupled Receptors
3 Subunits of G-Protein and what do they do?
Alpha, Beta, Gamma; Converts GTP to GDP
Olfactory Transduction
Odorant ligand activates odor receptor - GPCR signal transduction - Activation of Aden late cyclase - Increased local levels of cAMP- cAMP-gated channel opens - Olfactory sensory neuron depolarizes
Olfactory tract carries signals to various parts of the brain such as …
The olfactory cortex and amygdala
Auricle
Helps direct sound waves to tympanic membrane
External Acoustic Meatus
Direct sound waves to tympanic membrane
Auditory Ossicles
Three bones that transmit the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea
Oval Window
Transmits sound waves to cochlea
Round Window
Allows fluid in cochlea to move/vibrate
Auditory Tube
Connects with nasal passages
Semicircular canals
Detect angular acceleration
Amplitude
Vertical distance between peak and valley of a sound wave (pressure)
Pitch
Perception of the frequency of sound waves in Hz
Middle Ear step 1 to sound wave movement
Sound vibrates the tympanic membrane and moves the malleus
Middle Ear step 2 to sound wave movement
The vibration travels through the incus and stapes. Note that the shape and orientations of the three ossicles and adapted to amplify the vibrations.
Middle Ear Step 3 sound wave movement
The stapes pushes on the oval window generating waves inside the fluid-filled cochlea that exit through the round window.
1
Malleus
2
Incus
3
Stapes
4
Oval Window
5
Round Window
6
Auditory Tube
7
Tympanic Membrane
Which of these areas of the brain receives impulses associated with the olfactory sense?
Limbic system
The smell receptors use the same activation mechanism as which taste receptors?
Sweet, Bitter, and Umam
1
Retina pigment epithelium (RPE)
2
Photoreceptor outer and inner segments
3
Outer limiting membrane
4
Photoreceptor Neuclei
5
Photoreceptor synaptic bodies
6
Bipolar cell nuclei
Why does the RPE need to phagocytoses (“eat”) parts of the photoreceptor outer segments?
because they collect and recycle damaged cellular material and proteins
Which features distinguishes the wet form of macular degeneration from the dry?
Blood Vessels and bleeding
