Final Study Guide Flashcards
Transverse
Frontal/Coronal
Sagittal
Two examples of superior/inferior
Head is superior to the chest
Knee is inferior to the shoulder
Two examples of Ventral/Dorsal
Vertebral column is dorsal to the rib cage
Quadriceps is ventral to the hamstrings
Two examples of superficial/deep
Epidermis is superficial to dermis
Heart is deep to pectoral muscles
Two examples of medial/lateral
Nose is medial to eyes
Heart is medical to lungs
Two examples of prosimians/distal
Elbow is proximal to wrist
Knee is distal to thigh
1
Olfactory bulb
2
Olfactory tract
3
Mineral cell
4
Glomerulus
5
Olfactory nerves
6
Olfactory sensory neurons
7
Olfactory sensory cilia
1
Olfactory bulb
2
Olfactory nerves
3
Olfactory tract
1
Sclera
2
Choroid
3
Retina
4
Optic Nerve
5
Macula/fovea
6
Lens
Unlabeled but pointed to by white line
Pupil
1
Auricle
2
Ossicles
3
Semi-circular canals
4
Cochlea
5
Vestibulocochlear nerve
6
Tympanic membrane
7
Auditory Tube
8
Auditory Canal
1
Humerus
2
Olecranon fossa
3
Olecranon
4
Humeroulnar joint
5
Proximal radioulnar joint
7
Radius
8
Humeroradial joint
1
Biceps Brachii
2
Brachialis
3
Lateral collateral ligaments
4
Brachioradialis
5
Anconeus
6
Triceps brachii
List two movements possible at the elbow
1: Pronation/supination
2: Flexion Extension
Agonist(s), Antagonist(s), and Synergist(s) of an arm in a flexed (flexion) position
Agonists: Biceps brachii, Brachialis, and Brachioradialis
Antagonists: Triceps Brachii
Synergists: None
Agonist(s), Antagonist(s), and Synergists for an arm at an extended (extension) position
Agonists: Triceps brachii
Antagonists: Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis
Synergists: Anconeus
What class of lever is shown?
3rd class
What class of lever is shown?
2nd class
What class of lever is shown?
1st class
Label the levers by class
A: 3rd Class
B: 2nd Class
C: 1st Class
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: F
B: AF
C: RF
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: F
B: RF
C: AF
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: RF
B: F
C: AF
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: F
B: AF
C: RF
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: AF
B: RF
C: F
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: AF
B: F
C: RF
Describe a fibrous joint
Fixed joint such was a skull sutures or slightly mobile joints connected by interosseus ligaments
Describe cartilaginous joints
Composed of fibrocartilage disks such as intervertebral disks or the pubic symphysis, slight movement possible
Describe synovial joints
Freely movable joints; ligaments surround joint capsule lined by the synovial membrane which contains synovial fluid; articulated surfaces of bone covered in hyaline cartilage.
What are the four classes of biomolecule?
Carbohydrate
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Describe a carbohydrate
Complex or simple sugars; signaling and energy storage functions
Describe a protein
Chain of amino acids folded into complex 3D structures; The end product of genes; do the work of the cell
Describe lipids
Fats and oils; structural and energy storage functions
Describe Nucleic acids
Monomers (ATP) or polymers (DNA, RNA); function in energy storage, signaling, and information storage
What is the function of a Phospholipid head?
The head interacts with the inter and extra-cellular fluid
What is the function of the phospholipid tail?
Hydrophobic tails interact with the tails of other phospholipids
Overall form and function of a phospholipid?
Phospholipids spontaneously form membrane belayers when they are exposed to water. Thus, the form of the phospholipid is suited to great a barrier between the inside and outside of a cell.
Compare and contrast Diffusion and osmosis
Diffusion: Occurs when particles move from high concentration areas to areas of low concentration.
Osmosis: Special type of diffusion in that it is specific to WATER moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Define Isotonic
Solute concentration is the same between two compartments
Define Hypertonic
Solute concentration is high outside and lower inside
Define Hypotonic
Solute concentration is lower outside and higher inside
Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis
Mutation in the CFTR protein
Mutation causes chloride channels to be closed
Chloride cannot leave the cell meaning water cannot leave the cell
Water not leaving the cell leads to thicker mucus
Thicker mucus means cilia can not clean airways leading to infections and difficulty breathing.
Describe Simple squamous
Single layer of epithelial tissue
Creates a barrier while still allowing for transportation of nutrients
Found in lining of capillaries and air sacs of lungs
Describe Stratified squamous
Multiple layers of epithelium tissues.
Found on surfaces prone to abrassion
Describe Pseudo-stratified cells
Single layer of epithelium with varying heights and functions
Usually contains cilia
Lines surfaces such as the trachea
Describe simple columnar
Single layer of column shaped epithelial tissue
Can be ciliated
Functions in digestive tract and airways
1
Keratinocyte
2
Melanocyte
3
Stratum corneum
4
Stratum lucidum
5
Stratum granulosum
6
Stratum Spinosum
7
Stratum Basale
8
Dermis
9
Epidermis
What are the 5 physical components of bone tissue?
- Fibers
- Cells
- Calcium
- Phosphate
- Ground Substance
What are the 4 cell types in bone tissue?
- Osteoprogenitors
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
What is the function of Osteoprogentors?
Bone stem cells
What is the function of osteocytes?
Sense stress and strain on bones and regulates bone matrix remodeling
What is the function of osteoblasts?
To build new bone matrix
What is the function of osteoclasts?
To breakdown bone matrix
1
Z line
2
M line (band)
3
I band
4
H band
5
A band
6
Sacromere
In muscle tissue, which band(s) shorten with contraction?
The H band and I band will shorten with contraction.
Steps of excitation contraction, including the cycling of ATP
- An action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron.
- Voltage-gated calcium channels open and stimulate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
- Acetylcholine is received by L-gated Na+ channels on the muscle fibers, which open and allow Na+ to flow in.
- Sufficient depolarization of the muscle fiber leads to opening of V-gated Na+ channels in the T-tubules.
- Action potentials flow down the T-tubules and stimulate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Calcium binds to troponin.
- Troponin moves tropomyosin, exposing myosin binding sites on the actin filaments
- Myosin hydrolyses ATP and binds actin
- Powerstroke myosin releases ADP and Pi
- Myosin binds new ATP so that it can release actin
- Steps 8-10 repeat as long as calcium and ATP are present
Define “Motor Unit”
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
1
Dendrites
Receives neurotransmitters, membrane contains L-gated ion channels
2
Soma
Where the nucleus and organelles are
3
Axon Hillock
Membrane contained V-gated channels; where an action potential starts
4
Axon
Action potential travels down the axon
5
Axon terminal
Synapses with another cell, contains vesicles of neurotransmitters
What percentage of neuroglia make up the nervous system?
50%
Neuroglia cells of the PNS
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
Neuroglia of the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Atrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Function of a Schwann cell
Produce myelin for the PNS
Function of satellite cells?
Regulate micro environment of neurons and supply nutrients
Function of Oligodendrocytes
Produce Myelin for the CNS
Function of astrocytes
Regulate microenvironment of neurons, supply nutrients, and creat blood brain barrier.
Function of Ependymal cells
Line ventricles and central canal; produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
Function of Microglia
Immune cells of the CNS
Fill in the blank
1
(Nerve) tract; white matter
Fill in the blank
2
Nucleus (plural nuclei) Gray matter
Fill in the blank
3
Nerve
Fill in the blank
4
Ganglion (plural Ganglia)
Compare and contrast Concentration gradient and electrochemical gradient
Concentration Gradient is the difference between the concentration of specific particles on the inside and outside of a cell
Electrochemical gradient is the difference in concentration between charged ions inside and outside of a cell
The plasma membrane is permeable to what and under what cercomstances
The phospholipid belayer is hydrophobic and therefore readily permeable to small polar molecules such as water and large non-polar molecules. For large polar molecules and ions the precedence of channel proteins, carrier proteins, and transporters are required.
Describe and define a resting membrane potential.
A membrane where its excitable cells are at homeostasis.
Charge is usually -70mV
Energy from 1 ATP is used to move 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in
Requires energy to maintain resting membrane potential it is not in a state of equilibrium
Compare and contrast graded potential and action potential
Graded potential: a change in voltage due to the movement of ions down their electrochemical gradients. They can vary in strength and dissipate over time and space.
Action potential: a change in voltage that do not vary in strength and do not dissipate with time and space
Step 1
Membrane is at resting potential
Step 2
Local depolarization but not enough to stimulate V-gated ion channels
Step 3
At threshold V-gated Na+ channels open and the membrane rapidly depolarizes
Step 4
V-gated K+ channels open and K+ channels begin to flow out of the cell
Step 5
The inactivation gates of the Na+ channels close, beginning the absolute refractory period. As K+ continues to flow out of the cell the membrane rapidly depolarizes.
Step 6
The inactivation gates of the Na+ reopen but the activation gates are now closed. Na+ channels are capable of reopening.
Step 7
K+ channels close after hyper-polarization of the membrane
Step 8
Resting membrane is re-established
Compare and contrast the “absolute refractory period” and “Relative refractory period
Absolute refractory period comes before the refractory period
Absolute refractory period is steps 5-6 and inactivation gates are closed so ABSOLUTELY no possibility for action potential.
Relative refractory period is steps 6-8 and requires a stronger than normal stimuli to reach threshold as compared to being at resting membrane
What are two purposes for the absolute refractory period?
- Allow a membrane to repolarize
- Prevent an action potential from moving the wrong way down an axon