Exam 3 Part 2 The Brain Flashcards
Are the Cranial nerves part of the PNS or CNS?
PNS
Are nuclei white matter or gray matter?
Gray
Which is NOT part of the lambic system?
Medulla Oblongata
True or False: The somatosensory cortex is part of the parietal lobe whereas the motor cortex is part of the frontal lobe.
True
Which types of fibers travel through the corpus collosum?
Commissural Fibers
Why is the cerebral cortex foliated?
To allow head size to remain small while the amount of gray matter increases.
Which activities are under control of the anterior lobe?
Planning/practicing/learning complex movements
Posture/locomotion/fine motor coordination
The special arterial structure at the base of the brain that helps to preserve continuous blood supply to the brain is called _________________.
The circle of Willis
Which arteries directly supply oxygenated blood to the circle of Willis?
Internal carotid
Vertebral
The two vertebral arteries merge to form the ___________ artery.
Basilar
When you stand, blood pressure in your head drops due to the force of gravity. The ______________ reflex prevents you from passing out when you stand.
Orthostatice
Which is the best explanation of how Purkinje cell interprets information?
The likelihood of an action potential in the Purkinje cell depends on the number and strength of incoming EPSPs and IPSPs.
The cerebella’s cortex is highly foliated. This dramatically increases total surface area of the cerebellum. While the cerebral cortex is also foliated to degree of foliation is much less. Which difference can we infer based on the degree of foliation in the cerebral cortex vs. the cerebellar cortex?
The ratio of gray matter to white matter is higher in the cerebellum.
Which behavior(s) is/are likely to depend heavily on the anterior lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum?
Remaining upright while sitting
Extending arm and finger to touch a small target
1
Corpus Callosum
2
Cerebrum
3
Cerebral Cortex
4
Thalamus
5
Hypothalamus
6
Forebrain (Diencephalon)
7
Midbrain
8
Superior Colliculi
9
Tegmentum
10
Inferior Colliculi
11
Reticular Formation
12
Cerebellum
13
Hindbrain
14
Pons
15
Medulla
16
Brain Stem (Diencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain)
17
Pituitary gland
Red Section What is it and what does it do?
Frontal Lobe
Motivation, Foresight, Planning, Mood, Creating, Imagining, and Social Judgement
Blue Section
What is it and what does it do?
Parietal Lobe
General senses, Taste, Some Visual
Orange/Brown Section
What is it and what does it do?
Occipital Lobe
Visual Center
Green Section
What is it and what does it do?
Temporal Lobe
Hearing, Smell, Learning, Memory, Emotion
Purple Section
What is it and what does it do?
Lambic Lobe
Language, Taste, Visceral receptors, Memory, Emotion, Learning
The Brain Stem
Most evolutionary ancient part of the brain
Links spinal cord to forebrain
Involved heavily in unconscious or semi-conscious behaviors (posture, breathing, integration of visual and auditory stimuli, and muscle memory)
Reticular Formation
Web of fibers in hindbrain linked with long fibers that bring signals from nearly all parts of the brain.
Modulates sensory information
Sensitizes or Desensitizes the cerebrum to stimuli through excitatory or inhibitory signaling
The Thalamus
Part of the four brain; receives input for all senses except smell
Lots of information passes through here and gets rerouted to another location
Generates a very ancient form of consciousness that you may experience resulting from sensory stimuli.
Lambic System
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Major endocrine tissue; controls pituitary gland
Hunger, thirst, body temp, sleep/wake cycle, rage/aggression, fight/flight
Epithalamus (Pineal gland)
Emotional and visceral responses to odors, light sensing
Amygdala
Part of the limbic system; send projections to the hypothalamus
Processes smells and pheromones; receives inputs directly from olfactory bulbs and olfactory cortex
Involved in social inhibitions, aggression, sex drive, and facial recognition
Strongly associated with memories and behaviors linked to strong emotions, like fear
Amygdala size and characteristics have been associated with sexual orientation and political preferences.
Hippocampus
Part of the limbic system
Associated with spatial memory and navigation, verbal memory, and learning of computational information
Site of formation of new memories; converts short term memories to long term memories
Association between hippocampus and amygdala may help explain conditions like PTSD
The Cerebrum
Where complex information processing occurs
Sear of consciousness
Certain regions are associated with specific functions
Differences in function between hemispheres
Sulcus
Small grooves or valley
Gyrus
Elevated ridges or hills
Fissures
Deep grooves or canyons
Cortex
Outer layer
Homunculus
Little Man
Graphic representation of sensory or motor regions based o brain surgery patients
Regions corresponding to sensory inputs or motor outputs are matched to a part of the body
Association Fiber
Connects different parts of the cerebral cortex
Commissural fiber
Connects left and right hemispheres
Corpus Collosum
Contains 90% of the Commissural fibers
Projection Fibers
Motor pathways leading out of the cerebrum
Cerebral (Basal) Nuclei
Area of gray matter that are not cortical
Responsible for coordinating large, learned, semi-autonomous muscle activities
Emergence
New properties emerge as the system grows in size and complexity
May appear magical or to defy the laws of physics. A “higher power” is often invoked as a necessary explanation.
Cannot be predicted by observing the components or component processes
Perception Vs. Consciousness
The nematode can sense the presence of food, light, or mates. It can also decide what to do about it. It is not aware that it is making that decision or even that there is a decision to be made.
Flocculonodular Lobe
Oldest part; control of balance and eye movement; inputs from vestibular apparatus of inner ear.
Vermis
Posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination, smoot movements
Anterior Lateral hemispheres
Planning, practicing, learning complex movements
Posterior Lateral hemispheres
Executive functions and affective functions
Receives input exclusively from the cerebrum
Receives visual, auditory signals
Planning, working memory, and abstract reasoning
Language complexity and verbal fluency
Mediates “adult-like” behaviors, inhibitions, and social awareness
The Purkinje Cell
One of the most distinctive cells in the brain
Extensive dendritic Tree
Each cell receives 150,000 to 200,000 inputs
Axons make as many as 1,000 contact each
19% of all the cells in the cerebellum
How many more neurons does the Cerebellum have compared to the rest of the CNS?
At least 4 times more
