Week 12

Question 1

What are the 3 major qualitative methodologies:

Answer 1

• Phenomenology
• Grounded theory
• Ethnography

Question 2

Phenomenology is…

Answer 2

Exploring conscious experience

Question 3

Describe phenomenology

Answer 3

• How individuals experience their self in the world
• Exploration of conscious experience
  
  • Everyday lived experience - studying what we are aware of
  • Personal interpretation of lived experience
  • How interpretations are shaped - socially constructed
  • Acceptance of multiple, individual realities

Question 4

Husserl’s phenomenology is _____ , which is an epistemological theory (about knowledge)

Answer 4

descriptive/transcendental

Question 5

Husserl’s phenomenology says we ….

Answer 5

• can’t know anything without being aware of it

Question 6

Two key ideas of Husserl’s phenomenology are…?

Answer 6

1. Intentionality: consciousness has an object, we are always conscious OF something
2. Bracketing: focussing on the content of what we are conscious OF (essential for understanding ANOTHER persons conscious experience without imposing- important in qualitative)

Question 7

Husserl’s phenomenology states researchers can’t…?

Answer 7

impose and influence results, must just describe results

Question 8

Heidegger’s hermeneutics rejected the idea of..?

Answer 8

bracketing

- Saying consciousness cannot be isolated

Question 9

Heideggerian phenomenology is an ______ theory

Answer 9

ontological

- About nature of existence as experienced through consciousness

Question 10

Dasein =

Answer 10

being there in space and time

Question 11

Heidegger’s hermeneutics is saying we are…

Answer 11

• awareness of own being

- belonging to the world not separate

Question 12

Hermeneutics =

Answer 12

interpretation in terms of meanings and intentions: personal meanings essential

Question 13

Heidegger’s hermeneutics allows researchers to…?

Answer 13

analyse results further and create more interpretation rather than just describing results.

Question 14

Sartre’s phenomenology is another ontological theory of…

Answer 14

being

Question 15

Sartre’s phenomenology - Modes of being:

Answer 15

• Being in itself : unaware, fixed properties
• Being for itself: conscious person, aware, free to make choices
• Being for others: perceived and defined by society

Question 16

Sartre’s phenomenology - Modes of conscious awareness:

Answer 16

• Unreflected consciousness of things in daily life (no ‘i’)
• Reflected conscious of the self (‘i’ must do this)
• Only in reflected consciousness are we aware of ourselves

Question 17

Sartre’s phenomenology - Freedom an essential human condition but entails responsibility and causes anxiety

Answer 17

• We try to evade our own freedom by restricting our options, thereby living inauthentic lives
• Conformity is a choice, not a requirement; things don’t have be as they are, instead contingent

Question 18

Sartre’s phenomenology says ____ is an essential human condition

Answer 18

essential

Question 19

Grounded theory (data driven interpretations)…?

Answer 19

• Better to develop theories from empirical field work rather than (scientific) hypothesis testing of abstract theories
• Researcher starts with completely open mind

Question 20

Ethnography - Exploring culture

Answer 20

• Description of distinct groups of people, societies or cultures
• Field studies: Spending time with people being studied
• Ethnography records:
  
  • everyday life
  • point of view of people being studied
  • comparison and contrast with other societies
• Recognises researchers own perspective as observer from another culture

Question 21

Other qualitative methodologies (3)

Answer 21

• Historical research
• Narrative research
• Qualitative case studies N= 1

Question 22

_______ values self-determination - person able to pursue their own life as their own project, autonomous living

Answer 22

phenomenology

Question 23

______ explores how individuals live within cultures

Answer 23

Ethnography

Question 24

_________ an explanatory, data driven alternative to confirmatory scientific methodologies

Answer 24

Grounded theory