Week 12 Flashcards
What are the 3 major qualitative methodologies:
- Phenomenology
- Grounded theory
- Ethnography
Phenomenology is…
Exploring conscious experience
Describe phenomenology
- How individuals experience their self in the world
- Exploration of conscious experience
- Everyday lived experience - studying what we are aware of
- Personal interpretation of lived experience
- How interpretations are shaped - socially constructed
- Acceptance of multiple, individual realities
Husserl’s phenomenology is _____ , which is an epistemological theory (about knowledge)
descriptive/transcendental
Husserl’s phenomenology says we ….
- can’t know anything without being aware of it
Two key ideas of Husserl’s phenomenology are…?
- Intentionality: consciousness has an object, we are always conscious OF something
- Bracketing: focussing on the content of what we are conscious OF (essential for understanding ANOTHER persons conscious experience without imposing- important in qualitative)
Husserl’s phenomenology states researchers can’t…?
impose and influence results, must just describe results
Heidegger’s hermeneutics rejected the idea of..?
bracketing
- Saying consciousness cannot be isolated
Heideggerian phenomenology is an ______ theory
ontological
- About nature of existence as experienced through consciousness
Dasein =
being there in space and time
Heidegger’s hermeneutics is saying we are…
- awareness of own being
- belonging to the world not separate
Hermeneutics =
interpretation in terms of meanings and intentions: personal meanings essential
Heidegger’s hermeneutics allows researchers to…?
analyse results further and create more interpretation rather than just describing results.
Sartre’s phenomenology is another ontological theory of…
being
Sartre’s phenomenology - Modes of being:
- Being in itself : unaware, fixed properties
- Being for itself: conscious person, aware, free to make choices
- Being for others: perceived and defined by society
Sartre’s phenomenology - Modes of conscious awareness:
- Unreflected consciousness of things in daily life (no ‘i’)
- Reflected conscious of the self (‘i’ must do this)
- Only in reflected consciousness are we aware of ourselves
Sartre’s phenomenology - Freedom an essential human condition but entails responsibility and causes anxiety
- We try to evade our own freedom by restricting our options, thereby living inauthentic lives
- Conformity is a choice, not a requirement; things don’t have be as they are, instead contingent
Sartre’s phenomenology says ____ is an essential human condition
essential
Grounded theory (data driven interpretations)…?
- Better to develop theories from empirical field work rather than (scientific) hypothesis testing of abstract theories
- Researcher starts with completely open mind
Ethnography - Exploring culture
- Description of distinct groups of people, societies or cultures
- Field studies: Spending time with people being studied
- Ethnography records:
- everyday life
- point of view of people being studied
- comparison and contrast with other societies
- Recognises researchers own perspective as observer from another culture
Other qualitative methodologies (3)
- Historical research
- Narrative research
- Qualitative case studies N= 1
_______ values self-determination - person able to pursue their own life as their own project, autonomous living
phenomenology
______ explores how individuals live within cultures
Ethnography
_________ an explanatory, data driven alternative to confirmatory scientific methodologies
Grounded theory
