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Research Methods in Health > Quiz 1 Study Notes > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Study Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are two general terms for research?

A

Applied and basic

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2
Q

Basic vs. applied research

A

Basic: seeks knowledge for the sake of it, no practical application (e.g. investigating metabolism of muscles)
Applied: Aims for practical outcomes directly from research (e.g. how controlling metabolism in muscles affects athletes stamina)

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3
Q

Explain exploratory research….

A

Exploratory research is open-ended, doesn’t have predictions (or a hypothesis) about result. (e.g. ‘what makes you happy’, no idea of the answer)
- Qualitative research is exploratory

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4
Q

Is qualitative research confirmatory or exploratory?

A

Exploratory

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5
Q

Explain confirmatory research….

A

Research does test hypothesis (e.g. research might be to find out whether rich people are happier than less wealthy people, researcher predicts richer = happier)

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6
Q

Confirmatory research is often _____ to exploratory because the researcher must
shows…

A

Preferred, better understanding of the issues before starting the research

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7
Q

The researcher sets up treatments or conditions that the participants experience, this is a _____ study

A

Intervention

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8
Q

Experimental designs are ______ studies in which there is at least ….

A

intervention, one treatment and control (or placebo) group.

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9
Q

A randomised controlled trials where participants are randomly
allocated to treatment, control or placebo conditions is what level on NHMRC scale?

A

Level II (highest)

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10
Q

A pseudo-randomised controlled study means…

A

The allocation is not truly random but approximates random allocation (sort of random)

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11
Q

A pseudo-randomised controlled study is level…

A

Level III-1

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12
Q

Comparative studies with control or placebo condition happening at the same time as the intervention (concurrent controls), what is the allocation and level??

A

No true randomisation, risk of allocation bias — level III-2

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13
Q

Comparative studies where the control condition doesn’t happen at the same
time as the intervention…. what is the allocation and level?

A

Non concurrent (at different times), level III-3

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14
Q

Non experimental designs where there is an intervention but no control group are level…?

A

level IV

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15
Q

Explain observational studies…

A

The researchers observe events as they occur naturally, non-experimental

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16
Q

Observational studies include… (2)

A
  • cohort study

- case control study

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17
Q

What level are case studies and case reports?

A

They are not even on the NHMRC scale, do not get confused with case series or case-control studies.

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18
Q

What level is qualitative research?

A

Qualitative research isn’t on the NHMRC scale

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19
Q

Explain a prospective study…

A

Looks at the future and what will happen

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20
Q

Explain a retrospective study…

A

Look back in time, what did happen, outcome has already occured

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21
Q

Explain a longitudinal study…

A

Follows or tracks a group of people over time and records what happens to them. They are typically prospective but can be retrospective.

22
Q

In a longitudinal study, data is collected at least ____ from the same group

A

twice (changes in people are observed while time progresses)

23
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of longitudinal studies?

A

Advantage: Participants share the same history at different points of time, same people NOW as they were THEN.
Disadvantage: Time-consuming and expensive, may lose participants (called attrition –> sampling bias)

24
Q

cross-sectional study compares ___ and ____ at the same time

A

now and later

25
Q

Are cross sectional studies prospective or retrospective

A

Always retrospective

26
Q

Explain cross-sectional studies…

A

Data collected once for two different groups, compares now and later (e.g. employees vs new graduates, see the difference ‘experience’ makes)

27
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional studies?

A

Advantage: quicker, cheaper, usually easier, less risk of attrition and associated bias (than longitudinal)
Disadvantage: Two groups may not share the same history, may have group differences that relate to time, background factors etc

28
Q

Which are preferred scientifically, longitudinal studies or cross-sectional studies?

A

Longitudinal, but can be impractical

29
Q

The aim of epidemiological research is to see…

A

Whether (or by how
much) exposure to a hazard increases the later risk of a disease or change in
health.

30
Q

What are the two main study designs for epidemiological research?

A
  • Cohort study

- Case-control study

31
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Relates to exposure to risk, looks at whether exposure relates to subsequent health outcomes.

32
Q

The cohort studies starts by identifying two

groups according to their exposure to a hazard or a protective event…?

A
  1. Exposed to treatment or hazard.

2. Not exposed to treatment or hazard.

33
Q

Case-control studies relates outcomes to …?

A

earlier exposure

34
Q

Case-control studies vs. cohort studies….?

A
  • Studies relating exposure to risk – the cohort study.

- Studies relating risk to exposure – the case-control study

35
Q

Explain action research

A

Different type of research to all others, specifically about change in the workplace (always about workers), changes in the way things are done the then effect of changes

36
Q

Explain systematic reviews…

A

They are studies of studies that combine data for an overall conclusion

37
Q

Explain qualitative methodologies…

A

Seek in depth information about people’s personal experiences as they perceive them

  • context dependent
  • only true for that person
38
Q

Why is prospective research considered scientifically superior to retrospective research?

A

More knowledge about horses is needed to pick the winner before a horse-race is run than picking the winner after the race

39
Q

What is it called when the treatments effect is smaller for patients with a more severe condition than larger for patients with less severe condition?

A

A moderator effect

40
Q

An implication of J.S. Mill’s theory of causation is that…

A

If the treatment causes the cure, then the cure will happen if and ONLY if the patient receives the treatment

41
Q

What does empirical mean?

A

Based on real world observation and experience (not logic and reasoning)

42
Q

What are the risk factors for this health disorder among a community dwelling population — this question is best shown by a ______ study

A

epidemiological

43
Q

If we agree with David Hume’s theory of causality, we should also agree that…

A

Just because a treatment benefits all patients in a sample, the treatments effectiveness with all other patients from the same population has not been logically proven

44
Q

The PRISMA statement refers to…

A

Reporting quality of systematic reviews

45
Q

A higher level of evidence is less likely to be affected by…

A

bias

46
Q

Placebo effects can be … (2)?

A
  • changes in patients health after receiving a pseudo treatment
  • changes in patient health after receiving genuine treatment that was totally ineffective
47
Q

CASP checklist is…

A

checklist plus free-text responses

48
Q

Is the NHMRC evidence level listed as a GRADE criterion?

A

No

49
Q

Etic is about reviewing or understanding…

A

the person being researched from the researchers own perspective

50
Q

What term refers specifically to the “matters of fact” as defined by David Hume?

A

Inductive reasoning

Research Methods in Health (12 decks)

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