Quiz 1 Study Notes Flashcards
What are two general terms for research?
Applied and basic
Basic vs. applied research
Basic: seeks knowledge for the sake of it, no practical application (e.g. investigating metabolism of muscles)
Applied: Aims for practical outcomes directly from research (e.g. how controlling metabolism in muscles affects athletes stamina)
Explain exploratory research….
Exploratory research is open-ended, doesn’t have predictions (or a hypothesis) about result. (e.g. ‘what makes you happy’, no idea of the answer)
- Qualitative research is exploratory
Is qualitative research confirmatory or exploratory?
Exploratory
Explain confirmatory research….
Research does test hypothesis (e.g. research might be to find out whether rich people are happier than less wealthy people, researcher predicts richer = happier)
Confirmatory research is often _____ to exploratory because the researcher must
shows…
Preferred, better understanding of the issues before starting the research
The researcher sets up treatments or conditions that the participants experience, this is a _____ study
Intervention
Experimental designs are ______ studies in which there is at least ….
intervention, one treatment and control (or placebo) group.
A randomised controlled trials where participants are randomly
allocated to treatment, control or placebo conditions is what level on NHMRC scale?
Level II (highest)
A pseudo-randomised controlled study means…
The allocation is not truly random but approximates random allocation (sort of random)
A pseudo-randomised controlled study is level…
Level III-1
Comparative studies with control or placebo condition happening at the same time as the intervention (concurrent controls), what is the allocation and level??
No true randomisation, risk of allocation bias — level III-2
Comparative studies where the control condition doesn’t happen at the same
time as the intervention…. what is the allocation and level?
Non concurrent (at different times), level III-3
Non experimental designs where there is an intervention but no control group are level…?
level IV
Explain observational studies…
The researchers observe events as they occur naturally, non-experimental
Observational studies include… (2)
- cohort study
- case control study
What level are case studies and case reports?
They are not even on the NHMRC scale, do not get confused with case series or case-control studies.
What level is qualitative research?
Qualitative research isn’t on the NHMRC scale
Explain a prospective study…
Looks at the future and what will happen
Explain a retrospective study…
Look back in time, what did happen, outcome has already occured
Explain a longitudinal study…
Follows or tracks a group of people over time and records what happens to them. They are typically prospective but can be retrospective.
In a longitudinal study, data is collected at least ____ from the same group
twice (changes in people are observed while time progresses)
What is an advantage and disadvantage of longitudinal studies?
Advantage: Participants share the same history at different points of time, same people NOW as they were THEN.
Disadvantage: Time-consuming and expensive, may lose participants (called attrition –> sampling bias)
cross-sectional study compares ___ and ____ at the same time
now and later
