Week 06

Question 1

______ is the set of persons, places, things or events that are studied in the research

Answer 1

Sample

Question 2

Sampling methods have three stages….?

Answer 2

1. The items to be sampled - deciding what sort (selection criteria, eligibility criteria)
2. How many items will be sampled - sample size
3. How the sample will be obtained - recruitment

Question 3

census = research conducted using ….?

Answer 3

The entire population

Question 4

Population = entire set of ….?

Answer 4

Possible cases

Question 5

Only practical for a census when:

Answer 5

• Population is small
• All cases are easily accessible
• Enough time and money

Question 6

Census us useful when cases are so ______ that no sample could adequately describe population

Answer 6

different

Question 7

A sample too small increases risk of …?

Answer 7

non-representativeness

Question 8

Representativeness less important in qualitative research because they are not…

Answer 8

attempting to generalise to population

Question 9

Unrepresentative sample can happen for two reasons …?

Answer 9

• Bias: bad methods, over estimates or under estimates

- Chance: accidentally as sample was biased from population

Question 10

Increasing sampling size will not reduced bias as _____ is poor

Answer 10

method

Question 11

If sampling method unbiased - any error is ____ error

Answer 11

random

Question 12

What percentage of males to females in adequate

Answer 12

40% to 60%, but not ideal

Question 13

For human research, a person can participate if they (3)?

Answer 13

• They have necessary inclusion criteria
• has all sufficient inclusion criteria
• does not have exclusion criteria

Question 14

A person cannot participate if (3)?

Answer 14

• They don’t have necessary inclusion criteria
• Don’t have all sufficient inclusion criteria
• do have exclusion criteria

Question 15

Quantitative research should expect over ____ participants for unbiased paper

Answer 15

50

Question 16

Qualitative research participant amount?

Answer 16

10 people may be enough, 20 is considered large study

Question 17

Power analysis is a statistical method of determining ________ (quantitative only)

Answer 17

sample size

Question 18

Power analysis is based on 3 factors:

Answer 18

• statistical test used - different tests have more or less power
• Minimum size of population effect you want reasonable chance of detecting
• Tolerance for Type II errors

Question 19

_____ sample size gives more statistical power - even too much

Answer 19

Larger

Question 20

study’s general approach to sample is the sampling ____

Answer 20

method

Question 21

Method specific to study for how participants were included in study is the _____

Answer 21

recruitment

Question 22

Probability Sampling is ____ sampling

Answer 22

random

Question 23

______ sampling aims for sampling representatives of population
- May use sampling frame = set of potentially eligible participants

Answer 23

probability

Question 24

Simple random sampling works like a _____

Answer 24

lottery, everyone has equal chance

Question 25

Systematic sampling with random ordering uses a ___

Answer 25

list, ever ___ number the person is chosen

Question 26

Systematic sampling with random ordering can be unbiased IF...

Answer 26

the list is not random

Question 27

Stratified random sampling is random samples drawn from identified _____ in sampling frame

Answer 27

subgroups

Question 28

Proportionate stratified random sampling aims for...

Answer 28

sample group sizes to be equal to population (50% male 50% female)

Question 29

Disproportionate stratified random sampling aims for...

Answer 29

different to population (good for targeting minorities, loses representativeness)

Question 30

Cluster sampling is random sampling within...

Answer 30

random samples

Question 31

Advantages and disadvantages of cluster sampling..?

Answer 31

- Advantage: researcher doesn't need to start with complete list of population (concentrates of population sub set) - Disadvantage: May be statistically inefficient --> larger sample needed

Question 32

Non-probability sampling is...

Answer 32

Non-random process for selection from sampling frame or other list of potentially eligible candidates

Question 33

Quota sampling is when researchers decide....

Answer 33

How many cases per group so sample matches population or some other criterion such as equal per group - aims for representativeness but not always achieved

Question 34

Purposive sampling (judgemental sampling) is when researchers..

Answer 34

Researchers specifically and deliberately invite people or choose cases that match research aims - no attempt for representativeness

Question 35

Snowball sampling is...

Answer 35

Uses participants personal social network to identify and recruit additional participants - "friend of a friend" sampling - high risk of bias - recommended for qualitative only

Question 36

Self-selection sampling is when....

Answer 36

volunteers offer or self select - likely bias - very ethical method

Question 37

Convenience sampling is when...

Answer 37

Recruit participants are most available (most convenient) - no randomise, high bias - also called incidental sampling

Question 38

Matching (not strictly a sampling method) is when...

Answer 38

Researchers allocate and try to match groups to be similar to each other (problem: it is impossible to match completely)

Question 39

Sampling across time is when...

Answer 39

- Results depend on timing, when the data is collected