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Exercise Physiology Across the Lifespan > Week 12 > Flashcards

Week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

With ageing, the number of alveoli and corresponding capillaries _____

A

decrease

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2
Q

With ageing there is an _____ in size of surviving alveoli

A

increase

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3
Q

With ageing, elastic properties comprised due to changes in collagen (which ______) and elastin (which _____)

A

increases, decreases

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4
Q

With ageing, bronchioles _____ which increases ______ to airflow

A

narrowing, resistance

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5
Q

With age, Increased ______ of peripheral airways which can reduce expiratory flow rates

A

collapsibility

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6
Q

With age, there is a ______ of larger pulmonary arteries

A

thickening

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7
Q

Residual volume—>

A

amount of air in lungs after forced exhalation

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8
Q

Functional residual capacity —>

A

volume of air in lungs after a passive exhalation

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9
Q

Compliance of chest wall _____ with ageing

A

decreases

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10
Q

Lung elastic recoil _____ with ageing (i.e. increase in compliance)

A

decreases

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11
Q

Calcifications of the costal cartilages and chondrosternal junctions, and degenerative joint disease of dorsal spine contribute to …?

A

Chest wall stiffening

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12
Q

Structural changes of chest wall and lung elastic recoil lead to:

A
  • static air trapping (increased residual volume)
  • Increased functional residual capacity
  • Increased work of breathing
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13
Q

Residual volume can increase by as much as ___%

A

30%-50%

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14
Q

By age 70, vital capacity may decrease by as much as ____%

A

40-50%

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15
Q

Intercostal muscle mass and force are _____ with ageing. __ _____ in diaphragm thickness but a decrease in the curvature and this its force-generating capacity

A

reduced, no change

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16
Q

Possible reasons for decline in respiratory muscle function:

A
  • Changes in shape of rib cage
  • Nutritional status
  • cardiac function
  • sarcopenia
17
Q

Ability to perform spirometry to test pulmonary function can be comprised by reduced cognitive function, such as with dementia. This can lead to…??

A

underdiagnosis and undertreatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older people
- Measurement of airway resistance using the forced oscillation technique (FOT) is an alternative for assessing COPD in older patients with cognitive disorders

18
Q

Total lung capacity increase/decreases/remains constant with ageing

A

remains fairly constant

19
Q

The increase in residual volume with ageing means there is a progressive ____ in vital capacity to approx 75% with ageing

A

decrease

20
Q

flow volume curves and peak expiratory flow with ageing….?

A
  • Reduced peak expiratory flow in older individuals
  • Changes in expiratory flow volume curve with ageing suggest obstruction to airflow
  • Likely due to changes in small peripheral airways and loss of supporting tissue
21
Q

The ageing respiratory system is associated with:

A
  • decreased cough reflexes
  • an increased likelihood of sleep apnoea
  • Increased susceptibility to pulmonary inflammation
22
Q

Decreased cough reflexes are due to…?

A
  • less forceful and productive in swallowing and cough reflexes in ageing
  • This lack of sensitivity may change at level of bronchioles, nerves or brain
  • Airway clearance less effective due to less strength in muscle
23
Q

An increased likelihood of sleep apnoea is due to…?

A
  • % of time in REM is less, light sleep more frequent, circadian rhythms are weaker
  • melatonin decreased
  • Defective chemical feedback control has been suggested to contribute
  • Some evidence suggests that ventilatory drive to the pharyngeal muscles is reduced, leading to narrowing of the airways
24
Q

The Increased susceptibility to pulmonary inflammation is due to….?

A
  • weaker immune system

- reductions in ciliary motility and mucous cel production

25
Q

Ageing is associated with reduced alveolar surface area, fewer pulmonary capillaries and mismatches between _____ and ____.

A

ventilation and perfusion

26
Q

High ventilation, low perfusion =

A

wasted ventilation/physiologic dead space

27
Q

Low ventilation, high perfusion =

A

wasted perfusion of blood/’venous admixture’/’physiological shunt’

28
Q

How do the elderly compensate for altered compliance and gas exchange?

A

By breathing more rapidly at lower tidal volume to maintain alveolar ventilation

  • Greater ventilatory response to CO2 during exercise to compensate for greater dead space
  • During hypercapnea the CO2 threshold for increased inspiratory effort is reduced
29
Q

VO2 max generally ____ with age

A

declines

30
Q

What factors affect decline in vo2max most?

A

Circulatory factors (decreased max HR, muscle mass) > pulmonary factors

31
Q

The expiratory flow limitation and concomitant increase in expiratory resistance (flow resistive work) in the older subject cause the ventilatory work to ___ curvilinearly with exercise.

A

increase

32
Q

Compliance of chest wall and lung elastic recoil decrease with age, resulting in static air trapping (increased residual volume), _____ functional residual capacity, and ____ work of breathing

A

increased

33
Q

Reduced alveolar surface area and greater mismatching of ventilation and perfusion may jeopardise ___ _____, although mechanisms exist to compensate for this.

A

gas exchange

34
Q

Older people tend to breathe at higher lung volume–> inspire the same volume but it is closer to total lung capacity because their residual volume is _____

A

greater

35
Q

What increases with ageing during adulthood?

A

Residual volume

36
Q

Which of the following changes to the respiratory system does NOT typically occur with ageing during adulthood?

  • A reduction in size of alveoli
  • A decrease in the compliance of the chest wall
  • Reduced elastic recoil
  • A decline in respiratory muscle strength
A

A reduction in size of alveoli (FALSE)

- decrease number, not size

Exercise Physiology Across the Lifespan (13 decks)

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