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Exercise Physiology Across the Lifespan > Week 05 > Flashcards

Week 05 Flashcards

1
Q

End-diastolic volume (EDV) is…

A

Volume of blood at the end of ventricular filling

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2
Q

Stroke volume is…

A

Amount of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole

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3
Q

End-systolic volume (ESV) is…

A

Amount of blood remaining after the end of contraction

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4
Q

Ejection fraction (EF) is…

A

% of EDV pumped from ventricles

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5
Q

Cardiac output (Q) is..

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

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6
Q

Myocardium in older adults is slow to relax following contraction due to the:

A
  1. Slower calcium reuptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. Changes in myosin heavy chain composition of myocytes
  3. Prolonged action potential
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7
Q

Late diastolic filling is greater with age due to ______ blood volume contained in enlarged atria

A

increased

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8
Q

_____ decreases about 1% per year

A

cardiac output

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9
Q

_______ may decrease as much as 30% by age 85

A

stroke volume

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10
Q

Blood pressure is a product of ___ and ____

A

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

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11
Q

Within the arterial system, what exerts primary influence over vascular resistance?

A

small arterioles

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12
Q

Adequate delivery of blood depends on the ______ driving the blood and the state of the _______ in the arteries and arterioles in the organ

A

Pressure, resistance

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13
Q

List the layers of arteries/arterioles from inner to outer

A
  • Tunica intima (endothelium)
  • Tunica media (smooth muscle cells)
  • Tunica adventitia (collagen fibres)
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14
Q

State of blood vessels tone refers to the balance between competing ____ and _____ influences

A

dilatory, constricting

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15
Q

Blood vessels tone refers to the balance between competing dilatory and constrictor influences such as (3)?

A
  • Compounds produced by endothelial layer (e.g. nitric oxide)
  • Sympathetic nerves release vasoconstrictor neurotransmitters
  • Circulating hormones and catecholamines
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16
Q

Major conduit arteries, such as the aorta, get stiffer and longer with age, due to (2)?

A
  • Thickening of structural materials that make up vessel wall
  • Increase in sympathetic tone of smooth muscle
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17
Q

Arterial remodelling can be (3)?

A
  • hypertrophic: thickening of vascular wall
  • eutrophic: constant wall thickness
  • hypotrophic: thinning of vascular wall
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18
Q

Greater ______ density in adventitia of older inactive group but not in older active group

A

collagen

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19
Q

Carotid artery stiffness greatest in older inactive group. _____ levels of arterial stiffness between young groups and older active group

A

similar

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20
Q

Vascular endothelial dysfunction is partly responsible for the ______ risk of cardiovascular disease with advancing age

A

increased

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21
Q

Reduced bioavailability of ______ is the key mechanism in endothelial dysfunction with age

A

nitric oxide

22
Q

Correlational between reduced ______ function and heart disease

A

endothelial

23
Q

Endothelial function and __________ are associated —> however can be reduced by lifestyle factors

A

increased age

24
Q

Lifestyle factors that affect endothelial function?

A
  • regular aerobic exercise
  • dietary factors
  • body weight / fat percentage
  • vitamin D status
  • menopause (oestrogen deficiency)
25
Q

When young trained athletes and older trained athletes compared - there was/wasn’t a decrease in endothelial function with age (unlike sedentary older individuals)

A

wasn’t

26
Q

Are older individuals able to improve their endothelial function?

A

Yes, almost reverse it with exercise

27
Q

With age, sympathetic nerve activity decreases/increases?

A

Increases

28
Q

High levels of sympathetic nerve activity result in increases in ?????? and ultimately hypertension

A

peripheral vascular resistance

29
Q

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) increases with age, with greater effect in _____

A

females

30
Q

Resting mean arterial pressure also increases with age (may be related to ___________), however pattern is different —> other factors must be involved

A

increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity

31
Q

Arterial stiffness causes/contributes to elevated ___________ velocity and ______ BP

A

pulse wave, systolic

32
Q

Arterial stiffness causes/contributes to reduced ability to absorb …?

A

energy during systole

33
Q

Elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) causes/contributes to (3)?

A
  • more vasoconstriction
  • greater vascular resistance
  • elevated BP
34
Q

Exercise capacity falls with age: decrease in VO2 max of approx. ____ % per _____- from age of 25

A

10% per decade

35
Q

Sedentary vs trained VO2 max as they age?

A

Both falls 10% every decade, however trained is higher to start so stays a little higher ass they age

36
Q

Decline in Vo2 with age is attributed to…(3)?

A
  • decreased cardiac output
  • decreased a-vo2 difference
  • loss of muscle mass
37
Q

Factors influencing blood flow decrease at rest with age?

A
  • Limb blood flow at rest reduced with age
  • Associated with elevated MSNA (increasing vascular tone)
  • Other contributors: fewer blood vessels available and/or inability to dilate blood vessels
  • Due to ageing or physical inactivity associated with ageing???????
38
Q

Improvements in Vo2max in elderly explained is mostly by _____ (since max HR stays the same following training)

A

stroke volume

39
Q

Moderate intensity training in elderly: gains up to around ___% Vo2max

A

20%

40
Q

Mean increase in VO2max after training in all studies was ___%

A

16.5%

41
Q

The longer the durations, the better increase in ____

A

vo2 max

42
Q

increases in VO2max around ___% even in individuals averaging 72 Yrs old with aerobic training

A

18-19%

43
Q

Does physical activity improve sympathetic nerve activity?

A

Unknown

44
Q

Regular physical activity has positive impacts on:

A
  • endothelial function
  • vascular compliance
  • maximal and submaximal exercise performance
45
Q

During maximal exercise improvements:

A
  • increased ventilation
  • increased O2 consumption
  • increased CO
  • increased a-vo2 diff
46
Q

During submaximal exercise improvements:

A
  • decrease ventilation
  • decreased HR
  • decreased SV
  • decreased BP
47
Q

Advancing age is associated with structural and functional changes to the heart, including ___ ____ hypertrophy and ____ myocardium relaxation

A

left ventricular, slower

48
Q

Age related vascular changes include vascular stiffening, endothelial dysfunction and elevated nerve activity, which can be associated with elevated _______ and reductions in limb BF

A

blood pressure

49
Q

Which cardiovascular factor declines with age in sedentary individuals?

A

Endothelial function

50
Q

In growing children, how do changes in cardiac size, particularly left ventricular mass, relate to changes in lean body mass?

A

There is a positive correlation between left ventricular mass and lean body mass

51
Q

LV end diastolic volume (LVEDV) does/ does not change with age

A

does not

52
Q

Late diastolic volume is typically reduced in older adults (T/F)?

A

False

Exercise Physiology Across the Lifespan (13 decks)

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