Week 10 Flashcards
In the early follicular phase, oestrogen and progesterone are ____
low
In the late follicular phase, oestrogen is ____ and progesterone is ____
oestrogen is high, progesterone is low
In the mid luteal phase, oestrogen and progesterone are ____
high
Primary amenorrhea is
delayed, late menstruating
Secondary amenorrhea is
Intensive exercise training in girls can be associated with amenorrhea in previously menstruating females due to inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
More they train, more likely to have primary amenorrhea which is then exacerbated if they have
<23% body fat
- However, unsure if it is training load, body type, etc
Two hypothesis for secondary amenorrhea..
- Exercise stress (cortisol): loss of normal menstrual function, increased cortisol by exercise might decrease GTRH–> reduced oestrogen
- Energy availability (leptin): negative calorie balance signals GTRH to slow –> reduced oestrogen
______: resting body temperature decreases due to promotion of peripheral vasodilation and heat dissipation
oestrogen
_______: Heat conservation and reduced peripheral vasodilation, and thus higher body temperature
Progesterone
When oestrogen and progesterone are both elevated (mid-luteal phase), the effects of ______ dominates
progesterone
Progesterone dominating in the mid-luteal phase causes..
body temperature to increase by 0.3-0.5C and threshold for sweating + cutaneous vasodilation is shifted to higher temperatures (explains why body temp increases in this phase of menstruation)
According to research, the _______ phase may have a negative effect on prolonged exercise performance through elevated _____________ and potentially increased cardiovascular strain.
mid-luteal, body temperature
At similar work rates, temperatures (core and skin), ________, skin blood flow and sweating are higher in the mid-luteal phase compared with the early follicular phase.
heart rate
Oestrogen enhances ______ and ______ –> helps reduce body temp
vasodilation and sweating
According to Minson et al, when compared to the early follicular phase, the mid-luteal phase is associated with:
- Higher concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone
- Higher oral temp
- Higher levels of MSNA and plasma noradrenaline (to counteract vasodilator effects of nitric oxide??)
- Greater sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity
Blood pressure is controlled better in ________ phase
mid-luteal
Lower body negative pressure (LBNP)- postural stress (like standing for long period): requires ______ to prevent fall in BP
vasoconstriction
Hyperthermia (heat stress):
Requires ______ to allow convective heat loss
vasodilation
What happens if you combine the postural and heat stress? One which requires vasoconstriction and other vasodilation…?
Body prioritizes maintaining body temperatures (vasodilation) over maintaining blood pressure (vasoconstriction), therefore, they become presyncopal (feelings of fainting)
Cutaneous vascular conductance was highest in the _______ phase after heating
mid-luteal
Is there a difference in orthostatic (exercise) tolerance between menstrual cycle phases?
No
Women are more likely to ____ in heat, but not related or higher in menstrual cycle
faint
Body temperature increases by a few tenths of a degree during the first trimester, and then falls throughout the second and third trimesters. Lowest temperatures …..
12 week post-partum.
1st trimester: ______ in progesterone and oestrogen
increases
2nd and 3rd trimester: ____ oestrogen, relatively ____ progesterone
higher, low
Core temperature during exercise in pregnancy is highest in 1st trimester and progressively decreases during 2nd and 3rd - likely for……
protecting the baby
Cardiovascular control during pregnancy
- Increase in blood volume
- Increase in resting HR
- Decrease in resting blood pressure
- Increase in sympathetic nerve activity
- Reduction in vascular transduction????
What happens in MSNA in the first trimester?
Peaks in 1st trimester
The peak in MSNA in first trimester does not lead to increased _____ due to blunted vascular transduction and altered baroreflex sensitivity
blood pressure
Pregnancy vs post partum exercise:
- No differences in maximal O2 uptake or max HR
- Cardiac output higher during pregnancy at rest and during exercise
- A-VO2 diff lower at each exercise level during pregnancy
oestrogen promotes peripheral _______ and heat dissipation, wheresas progesterone is associated with heat conservation and reduced peripheral ______
vasodilation
In the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the effects of progesterone dominate and core body temp is _____, which can cause additional cardiovascular strain during prolonged exercise
increased
Pregnancy is associated with ______ resting blood pressure and ______ in resting MSNA and heart rate. In response to exercise, increases in CO and greater but a-VO2 difference is lower.
reduced, increased
