Week 01 - Key components & Ageing Flashcards
What are Ontogenetic differences relate to?
Alterations that occur during the developmental of an individual from the immature to mature biological state. (physical maturation and growth)
What are phylogenetic differences related to?
Differences between biologically mature individuals. (Individual differences once biologically matured)
Describe Developmental symmorphosis
States that any physiological systems function should not exceed growth/development faster than another system (they are linked with ‘equal’ pace)
What is allometric scaling?
An approach for studying relationship between body size and shape, anatomy and function
If the scaling exponent b is < 1 the line on the graph will be…
Sloping steep upwards then begins to level out (closer to rainbow shape)
- Y increases at a slower rate than X, i.e. as X increases, Y becomes RELATIVELY smaller.
If the scaling exponent b is > 1 the line on the graph will be…
Sloping starts low then begins to steep and continues (closer to a U shape)
- Y increases at a faster rate than X, i.e. as X increases, Y becomes RELATIVELY larger.
What is a 1 dimension example?
lever of muscle (elbow) - line
What is a 2 dimension example?
cross section area (square)
What is a 3 dimension example?
Volumes or measure of body size (e.g. mass) - cube
According to the dimensionality theory, linear dimensions (e.g. arm lever) should relate to body mass by exponent ______?
0.33 (because its 1 dimension, therefore its 1/3 = 0.33)
According to the dimensionality theory, areas (e.g. cross sections) should relate to body mass by exponent ______?
0.67 (because it’s two dimensions, therefore its 2/3 = 0.67)
The dimensionality theory states that….?
You could accurately find the size of a body part (e.g. cross section of muscle) by body mass, however that is too simplistic.
Can you mix adult data with growing children data (or phylogenetic with ontogenetic)?
No
Can we create equations to describe functional development in children relative to body size?
Yes
Are the relationships between size and function very different in growing children than in a group of adults who vary in size?
Yes, they can be
The functional capacity of components of a physiological system should OR should not develop in a concert as children grow (i.e. the capacity of any one component should OR should not develop equally)
should
Eugeric ageing is…
True ageing. Age related changes that will happen inevitably (e.g. slowed movements, impaired speech, grey hairs)
Pathogeric ageing is…
Pathological ageing, not a predestined part of ageing
Functions totally lost in ageing may be…
- Reproduction, menstruation
- High frequency hearing
Structural changes in ageing may be….
- Number of fast twitch muscle fibres
- Skeletal muscle diameter
Reduced efficiency of a unit in ageing may be…
- Decreased. nerve conduction velocity
Altered control systems in ageing may be…
- Reduced reserve when under stress (e.g. oestrogen)
Ageing takes longer to respond and equilibrate due to…?
Decreased ability to maintain and respond homeostasis changes as quickly (small change in set point, decreased precision, loss of sensitivity)
Some aspects of ageing are natural and inevitable (_______) and some are as a result of pathology (_______).
eugeric, pathogenic
