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Exercise Physiology Across the Lifespan > Week 06 > Flashcards

Week 06 Flashcards

1
Q

The body clock is located in the…?

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

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2
Q

________ retinal ganglion cells detect dawn/dusk cycle and project to SCN

A

Photosensitive

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3
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

(SCN) controls secretion of _____

A

melatonin

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4
Q

Melatonin is secreted from _______ gland

A

pineal

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5
Q

When is body temperature the lowest?

A

During sleep

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6
Q

Body temperature starts to increase prior to ______ and gradually increases to peak at ____

A

waking, the evening (few hours before sleep)

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7
Q

Body temperature peaks when?

A

In the evening

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8
Q

Three ways to measure body temperature?

A
  • Gut temp - swallowing a pill
  • Rectal - inserting probe in rectum
  • Axilla - armpit thermometer
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9
Q

Without cues (time-givers) the body clocks runs for how long?

A

Just over 24 hrs

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10
Q

Body clock is adjusted by ________

A

zeitgebers (time-givers)

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11
Q

What are examples of zeitgebers (time-givers)???

A

light, dark, mealtime, physical activity, social interaction

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12
Q

When you travel to different time zones, how does this affect the adjustment of your body clock?

A

Body clock adjusts quicker when travelling west (time is behind, it is easier to delay your body clock because it naturally runs about 24 hrs than to advance your body clock)

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13
Q

Complex aspects of performance (e.g. cognitive tasks - arthmetic, short term memory, concentration): peak at what time?

A

early morning

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14
Q

Fine motor skills peak at what time?

A

morning

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15
Q

Simple reaction time is fastest in the….

A

morning, but inverse relationship between speed and accuracy (not good for tennis serve for example, which needs speed AND accuracy)

  • Accuracy better in morning
  • Velocity better in afternoon
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16
Q

Flexibility peaks at what time?

A

Early evening

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17
Q

Strength peaks at what time?

A

Early evening, but not as clear in females (muscle mass? central command?)

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18
Q

Anaerobic power/short burst activities peaks at what time?

A

Early evening

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19
Q

Prolonged exercise peaks at what time?

A

Early evening (depending on outdoor temperature)

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20
Q

Self paced work (e.g. cycling time trials) peak at what time?

A

Early evening

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21
Q

_________- is best time of day to beat an athletic world record

A

early evening

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22
Q

There is a nocturnal ____ followed by a morning surge in blood pressure

A

dip

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23
Q

____% of variation in blood pressure due to endogenous rhythm

A

10-15%

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24
Q

Mean arterial pressure =

A

CO x total peripheral resistance

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25
Q

The _____ adjusts cardiac output and peripheral vascular tone to regulate blood pressure

A

baroreflex

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26
Q

The baroreflex adjusts cardiac output and peripheral vascular tone to regulate blood pressure by causing changes in ____________ output to heart and ____________ to heart and systemic vasculature

A

vagal parasympathetic, sympathetic output

27
Q

Baroreceptors are __________ afferent nerve terminals in carotid sinuses and aortic arch

A

Mechanosensitive

28
Q

Baroreceptors are mechanosensitive afferent nerve terminals in _____ and _____

A

carotid sinuses, aortic arch

29
Q

Baroreceptors detect….?

A

vessel stretch caused by changes in blood pressure

30
Q

Baroreceptors are innervated by nerves that synapse in the nucleus …..?

A

tractus solitarius

31
Q

R wave is the…?

A

Peak of heart beat

32
Q

RR interval is the…?

A

distance between R waves

33
Q

RR interval being small means that…

A

Heart rate must be high (fast)

34
Q

RR interval being large means that….

A

Heart rate must be low (slow)

35
Q

Changes in sympathetic nerve activity in blood vessels helps to control blood pressure by causing _________

A

vasoconstriction

36
Q

Cardiac baroreflex sensitivity: when blood pressure is higher the baroreflexes responded by _______ RR intervals

A

increasing (to slow)

- the opposite occurs if BP is low

37
Q

Sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity: We measure ____ blood pressure and nerve activity

A

diastolic

38
Q

Cardiac baroreflex sensitivity: We measure ______ blood pressure for every beat and RR interval

A

systolic

39
Q

Sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity: As diastolic blood pressure rises, nerve activity goes ______

A

Down

  • vessels dilate to bring BP down again
  • Opposite occurs to bring fallen BP back up
40
Q

A strong cardiac baroreflex does/doesn’t guarantee a strong sympathetic baroreflex

A

Does NOT (best to measure both if possible)

41
Q

Cardiac baroreflex sensitivity was ______ in the morning as hypothesised, stretch response of carotid artery may different in time of day

A

worse

42
Q

Increase in BP = carotid stretched _____ in morning

A

Less (explains poor baroreflex in morning, not activated as much)

43
Q

Was there a difference in sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity in morning and afternoon?

A

No

44
Q

Increased mental stress in young years linked to greater risk of _______ later in life

A

Hypertension

45
Q

No difference in BP and HR response in mental stress and cold pressor test (hand in ice cold water) between morning and afternoon.
- HOWEVER, found that evening times were more reactive to stress in the morning, and those with morning tendencies were more reactive to stress in the evening—> What does this show?????

A

SUGGESTS our chronotype might have a role to play in our stress response at different times in the day

46
Q

Study of swimmers and their chronotype suggested that _____ difference between morning and evening performance when the swimmers were considered as a single group

A

No, contrary to statement that performance is best in evenings

47
Q

Does our chronotype stay the same as we age?

A

Teenagers - tend to be more night owls

Adults - tend to be more morning larks

48
Q

Melatonin secretion may _____ with age

A

decline

49
Q

With age, sleep…

A

tends to have earlier onset and wakening (greater sleep with age)

50
Q

There is ______ phase shifting with age

A

impaired

51
Q

Possible underlying mechanism of age related changes in circadian rhythm?

A

Yellowing and thickening on lens in eye may lead to reduced light sensitivity, which is the strongest time giver
|
This may lead to decreased signalling in SCN, leading to decrease in overall amplitude in its firing
|
Inputing other time givers may help entrain ageing circadian system

52
Q

_________ in old age helps maintain good circadian rhythm

A

Physical activity

53
Q

Exercise performance tends to peak in the _____, coinciding with the peak in body temp (except tasks involving cognition and or fine motor skills which tend to peak in the ______)

A

early evening, morning

54
Q

The incidence of cardiovascular events tend to peak in the _______ and may be explained, in part, by diminished blood pressure control

A

morning,

55
Q

Ageing is associated with a dampening in ______________, phase shifts and a greater tendency towards ‘morningness’. These are reflected in exercise performance

A

circadian rhythms

56
Q

Athletic performance typically peaks in the afternoon/ early evening, coinciding with what??

A

peak in core body temperature

57
Q

Ageing can influence the body clock. Melatonin increases/decreases with age?

A

decreases

58
Q

At what time of day is there a peak in the incidence of cardiovascular events, coinciding with a rise in blood pressure?

A

During the morning

59
Q

At a given work rate, children generate ____ heat per kg of body mass than adults

A

more

60
Q

Children have a relatively ____ body surface area for dissipating heat

A

smaller

61
Q

Sweating rate is significantly ____ in children than adults

A

smaller

62
Q

Lower thermoregulatory in older adults -> Older adults under cold stress have:

A
  • less shivering
  • Less peripheral vasoconstriction
  • Lower resting heat production
  • sarcopenia
63
Q

Lower thermoregulatory in older adults -> Older adults under heat stress have:

A
  • lower cutaneous perfusion/inability for peripheral vasodilation
  • Smaller increase in CO / SV
  • Less redistribution of BF from renal and splanchnic regions

Exercise Physiology Across the Lifespan (13 decks)

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