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Research Skills A- QUANTITATIVE PSYCHOLOGY > WEEK 11 > Flashcards

WEEK 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of validity?

A
  • The extent to which an effect is demonstrated in research is genuine, not produced by bogus variables and not limited to a specific context (Coolican 2019)
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2
Q

Internal Validity

A
  • The extent to which an effect found in a study can be taken to be genuinely caused by manipulation of the IV
    Causal Relationship: manipulation of the IV directly causes changes in the DV
  • To be internally valid, research needs to avoid any cofounding variables
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3
Q

Internal Validity E.G.

A
  • Vincent and Lewycky’s 2009 sleep trial
    -RCT
    -5 week online treatment for insomnia
    -118 adults
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4
Q

Threats to Internal Validity:

A
  • Attrition and Mortality
    -History/ politics/ natural disaster
    -Sampling
    -Maturation, children vs adults
    -Order effects, testing and instrument issues
    -
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5
Q

Participant Expectancy

A
  1. Demand Characteristics: Research cues that help pp’s realise the study hypothesis and what is expected of them
  2. Hawthorne Effect: Individuals modify their behaviour in response to their awareness of being observed
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6
Q
  1. demand characteristics
A
  • cues in the study which help pp’s work out what is expected of them
  • pleasing the experimenter
    -social desirability bias
    -enlightenment
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7
Q

Observer Effect

A
  • Researcher’s expectations for the study affect their behaviour and how pp’s respond to this
  • Interactions between experimenter and pp
    -Subtle differences in pp treatment
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8
Q

Improving validity

A
  • Standardised procedures
  • Counterbalancing: in repeated measure designs to avoid order effects
    -Blinding: Eliminate possible variance due to pp and researcher expectations
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9
Q

Single Blinding:

A
  • Either pp or research assistant are unaware of condition

Meda et al (2009) alcohol and driving simulator task

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10
Q

Double Blinding

A

-Both pp and research assistant unaware of condition
-Standardised for RCT trials
-Klaassen et al 2013 - caffeine and fmri scans

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11
Q

External Validity

A
  • the degree to which results generalise beyond the experimental context
  • the extent to which it is possible to make inferences from your sample to the larger population
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12
Q

WEIRD SAMPLES

A
  • W: Western
    -E: Educated
    -I: Industrialised
    -R: Rich
    -D: Democratic
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13
Q

Ecological Validity

A
  • Extent to which a research effect generalises across settings
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14
Q

Construct Validity:

A

-How should we measure psychological constructs that are abstract and not directly observable

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15
Q

Face Validity

A
  • The extent to which a measure is subjectively considered to be a plausible operationalisation of the conceptual variable in question
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16
Q

Content Validity

A
  • The extent to which a measure contains all the parts related to the theory of what is being measured
    -Knowledge of the construct is required
17
Q

Reliability

A
  • the extent to which a measurement is reproducible or consistent over time
  • reliability over time
18
Q

External Reliability

A

Test-retest reliability
correlations of peoples scores at one time and at a later time

Inter-observer
extent to which researchers agree in their ratings

19
Q

Internal Reliability

A
  • Internal consistency of the test
    -pps tend to score similarly across multiple items of a construct
20
Q

Cronbach’s Alpha

A
  • calculation of how closely related a set of items are as a group
    -Easy way to compare between studies
  • range from 0-1, 0.7 critical value
21
Q

RCT’S AND EXP VS QUASI EXP

A
  1. lab based and fully controlled
    - experimental manipulation of the IV
    -standardised procedures
    -random allocation of pp’s to conditions
  2. full control of IV
    - random assignment into treatment and control groups
22
Q

what are correlational studies

A
  • used to determine if one factor is related to another
  • non manipulated variables
23
Q

questionnaires

A
  • frequently used data collection method
  • often multiple questionaire measures used within a study
    -using multiple questionaires to measure similar traits

Research Skills A- QUANTITATIVE PSYCHOLOGY (10 decks)

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